mms-20250930

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark one)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITIONAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________to__________.

Commission file number: 1-12997


Maximus, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia						54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1600 Tysons Boulevard, McLean, Virginia						22102
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

(703) 251-8500
(Registrant's telephone number, including the area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, no par value

MMS

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of outstanding voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of March 31, 2025, was $3,801,184,315 based on the last reported sale price of the registrant's Common Stock on The New York Stock Exchange as of the close of business on that day.

There were 54,461,507 shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of November 12, 2025.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2026 annual meeting of shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The Registrant’s definitive proxy statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents to 2025 Form 10-K


	SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS	4
Part I.		6
Item 1.	Business	6
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	15
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	27
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	28
Item 2.	Properties	30
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	30
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	30
Part II.		31
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	31
Item 6.	[Reserved]	32
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	33
	Business Overview	33
	Financial Overview	33
	Results of Operations	34
	Backlog	39
	Liquidity and Capital Resources	39
	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	44
	Non-GAAP and Other Measures	45
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	48
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Fir m (PCAOB ID: 185)	48
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	50
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	51
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	52
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	53
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	54
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity	55
	Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	56
	1. Organization	56
	2. Significant Accounting Policies	56
	3. Business Segments	62
	4. Revenue Recognition	64
	5. Earnings Per Share	66
	6. Debt and Derivatives	67
	7. Acquisitions and Divestitures	69
	8. Goodwill and Intangible Asset s	70
	9. Fair Value Measurements	71
	10. Leases	73
	11. Income Taxes	73
	12. Equity	76
	13. Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	77

Table of Contents

Table of Contents to 2025 Form 10-K (continued)


	14. Other Items	77
	15. Commitments and Contingencies	79
	16. Employee Benefit Plans and Deferred Compensation	80
	17. Subsequent Event	80
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreement s with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	81
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	81
Item 9B.	Other Information	83
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	83
Part III.		84
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	84
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	84
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	84
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	84
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	84
Part IV.		85
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	85
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	87
	Signatures	88

Table of Contents

Unless otherwise specified, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "our," "we," "us," "Maximus," the "Company," and "our business" refer to Maximus, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "goal," "seek," "opportunity," "could," "potential," "believe," "project," "estimate," "expect," "continue," "forecast," "strategy," "future," "likely," "may," "should," "will," and similar references to future periods.

Any statements herein that are not historical facts, including statements about our confidence, strategies and initiatives, and our expectations about revenues, results of operations, profitability, liquidity, market demand, and our recent acquisitions and divestitures, are forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risks could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

•a failure to meet performance requirements under our contracts could lead to penalties, liquidated damages, actual damages, adverse settlement agreements, and/or contract termination;

•our ability to successfully compete, bid for, and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;

•the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes, including the impact of a prolonged U.S. government shutdown;

•the impact of the U.S. government on federal procurement, federal funding to states' safety-net programs, and the overall decision-making process related to our industry, including our business and customers;

•the ability of the U.S. government to issue or revise existing rules, regulations, executive orders, and directives at any time, or to take non-routine actions, which creates uncertainty for our business operations and requires significant additional compliance efforts and costs;

•our ability to manage our growth, including acquired businesses;

•difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues, earnings, and other benefits associated with acquired businesses;

•the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;

•our ability to manage capital investments and other contract startup costs;

•our ability to manage our debt;

•our ability to maintain our technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;

•our discovery of additional information related to our previously disclosed cybersecurity incident and any potential legal, business, reputational, or financial consequences resulting from that incident;

•our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers, and other qualified personnel to execute our business;

•the effect of union activity and organizing efforts at our U.S. locations;

•the ability of government customers to not exercise options, or to recompete or terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;

•our ability to win recompetes and/or succeed in protests on our significant contracts;

•our reliance on a small number of individual contracts and customers;

•our ability to realize the full value of our backlog;

•our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;

•a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment, and other sanctions;

•the costs and outcome of litigation;

•our ability to manage third parties upon whom we depend to provide services to our customers;

•the effects of changes in laws and regulations governing our business, including actions resulting from non-routine government actions or orders, changes in tax laws and applicable interpretations and guidance thereunder, or changes in accounting policies, rules, methodologies, and practices, and our ability to estimate the impact of such changes including shifting macroeconomic conditions and uncertainty;

•the effects of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), on our business;

•matters related to businesses we disposed of or divested; and

Table of Contents

•other factors set forth in Item 1A, "Risk Factors."

Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise.

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Business

General

Maximus, a Virginia corporation established in 1975 and celebrating its 50th anniversary this year, is a leading provider of tech-enabled services to government agencies. By moving people, technology, and government forward, Maximus helps improve the delivery of public services for more than 100 million American citizens, as well as citizens in the U.K., Canada, and the Middle East, amid complex technological, health, economic, and social challenges. As a trusted and accountable partner to primarily U.S. federal and state customers, we proudly design, develop, and deliver innovative and efficient programs that improve government’s effectiveness in serving its citizens.

We create value for our customers through our ability to translate public policy into operating models that achieve outcomes for governments at scale. Our work covers a broad array of services, including the operation of large health insurance eligibility and enrollment programs; clinical services, including assessments, appeals, and independent medical reviews; and technology services. These services benefit from an industry with increasing demand, constrained government budgets, and an increased focus on technology as governments prioritize modernization. We also demonstrate the ability to move quickly, ranging from digitally enabled contact center support services for natural disaster response to swift establishments of public health and safety initiatives.

Our past and future success is based upon our strategic priorities that we believe are aligned with long-term demand characteristics and bipartisan programs that shape the role of government in serving its citizens.

•Tech-Enabled Customer Service. Maximus applies advances in business intelligence, predictive analytics and emerging technologies to advance a government agency’s mission. We proactively detect and resolve barriers to reach target populations. In doing so, we aim to achieve higher levels of satisfaction, performance accuracy and accountability for our government customers. We take pride in our ability to implement complex public policy with efficient technology-based solutions. Our Total Experience Management is Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP) secure, modular, and a scalable cloud-based platform that helps enable federal agencies to deliver smarter, citizen-centric services. We believe that this capability is an added differentiator for Maximus as governments seek service-based models to serve their citizens.

•Focused on the Future of Health. Maximus helps governments reach the rising demand for health services by automating complex processes and empowering health professionals with timely, actionable data – enabling them to focus on individuals while responding to community needs at scale. Our expanded clinical capabilities and scale also benefit from our adoption of sophisticated technology, including machine learning and AI, to improve the health of people and their communities.

•Advancing Technological Modernization. Maximus provides technology modernization efforts for civilian, defense and national security, and health agencies, enabling us to support customers in the rapidly evolving and increasingly complex cybersecurity and geopolitical landscape. We view progress on this strategic imperative and expanding our federal footprint as critical to ensuring government programs are resilient, dynamic, and integrated.

Our strategic plan is aligned with specific opportunities within all three of our segments and includes a common focus on optimizing processes and simplifying our structure. We also continue to focus on our people - the foundation of our strategy. As an employer of choice, our goal is to continue to prioritize attracting, retaining, developing, and empowering employees as a central part of our plan for achieving future growth.

Table of Contents

Our Business Segments

We operate our business through three segments: U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. We operate in the United States and worldwide.

For more information on our segment presentation and geographic distribution of our business for the 2025, 2024, and 2023 fiscal years, see "Note 3. Business Segments" within Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

U.S. Federal Services Segment

Our U.S. Federal Services Segment generated 56% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2025.

Our U.S. Federal Services Segment delivers solutions that help various U.S. federal government agencies better execute on their mission, including program operations and management, clinical services, and advanced technology solutions.

Program Operations. Program operations include a range of business process services (BPS), including eligibility and enrollment, outreach, and other services for federal health and human services programs. This includes our contract with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service (CMS) to manage the Contact Center Operations (CCO), supporting the federal marketplace under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and also serving as the primary support engagement center for Medicare, also known as 1-800-MEDICARE.

We are an independent and conflict-free customer service provider assisting borrowers with Department of Education-originated loans. We view student loan servicing as an opportunity to apply our insights, expertise, and quality-driven approach through support for Federal Student Aid (FSA) and student borrowers. We also support the Office of Personnel Management's Federal Employees Health Benefits program each year during its open enrollment period, handling the surge in customer calls.

The way we deliver these services differs between contracts but may include a combination of digitally enabled contact centers, mail-room operations, and mobile or web-based platforms.

Clinical Services. In line with our strategic focus for the future, we continue to expand our clinical programs, most notably through the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) medical disability examinations (MDE) contracts. As a leading provider of MDEs, we administer the clinical evaluation process for U.S. veterans and service members on behalf of the VA and manage a vast network of experienced clinicians focused on serving veterans. This highly scaled platform in the U.S. federal government domain is an in-demand capability across a multitude of agencies.

The independent health and disability assessments and appeals portion of our business continues to be a growing part of our overall portfolio, lending further credibility to our organic growth efforts with other federal departments and in non-federal markets.

Technology Solutions. We execute on digital strategy to deliver technology solutions that advance agency missions, including the challenge to modernize, provide better service delivery, and drive process efficiencies. Our core capabilities include:

•Application development and modernization: Modernize, develop, and deliver solutions utilizing automation and agile development, security, and operations, known as DevSecOps, practices.

•Enterprise Business Solutions: Integrate and manage disparate business processes and systems.

•AI and Advanced Analytics: Provide data science, analytics, AI and machine learning, robotic process automation and high-performance computing to make informed decisions and solutions.

•Cybersecurity: Deliver full spectrum cybersecurity services, including cyber engineering and operations, digital forensics, and incident response.

•Cloud Infrastructure and Engineering: Deploy solutions that leverage cloud-hosted and on-premise designs to optimize costs.

•Data Management: Define data modernization, engineering, operations and retention policies, manage data backups, ensure compliance with privacy regulations while enabling secure and efficient data access and help navigating complex data migrations.

Table of Contents

We utilize machine learning and AI to build bespoke data models, providing predictive analytics designed to maximize process efficiency, as well as identify systemic process issues that can be isolated and prioritized for troubleshooting. End-to-end automation of software development and business processes achieves speed, efficiency, and error reduction, as well as advanced tool capabilities, resulting in greater operational efficiency, enhanced customer experiences, and increased return on investment. Finally, high-performance computing clusters support mission requirements for data mining, scientific modeling, advanced analytics, research, and machine learning.

The majority of this segment contains performance-based contracts where revenue is earned from transaction-based measures, such as the number and type of assessments or appeals processed, or participant numbers. A group of other contracts in this segment earn their revenue on a cost-plus or time-and-materials basis, which typically carry lower levels of risk and lower levels of profit margin as compared to performance-based contracts.

A small number of U.S. federal agencies provide the majority of this segment's revenue. There is no significant seasonality in this segment's revenue, although certain contracts may experience some uptick in work tied to CMS's open enrollment period. Other fluctuations may result from volume variations or program maturity, with contracts recording lower revenue and profitability during program startup.

Our primary competitors in the U.S. Federal Services Segment are General Dynamics Information Technology, Deloitte, Leidos, IBM, Accenture, Booz Allen Hamilton, and other federal contractors.

U.S. Services Segment

Our U.S. Services Segment generated 32% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2025.

Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of services, such as program operations, clinical services, employment services and technology solutions and related professional services work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the programs under Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), ACA marketplaces, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), and child support programs.

Program Operations. Program operations include our comprehensive program administration services for government health benefit programs. The services we provide vary from program to program but may include:

•Centralized AI-enabled multilingual customer contact centers that include digital self-service options to better serve citizens' needs across a range of state programs;

•Application assistance and independent health plan choice counseling to beneficiaries to help them access benefits and make informed choices;

•Beneficiary outreach, education, eligibility assistance, enrollment, credentialling, and redeterminations services. In programs such as Medicaid, Maximus does not make the final determination of eligibility; and

•Administration of programs that provide subsidized telephone services for eligible consumers.

As a leading supplier in many of the health program administration markets that we serve, we are the largest provider of Medicaid eligibility support and enrollment services and state-based health insurance exchange operations.

Clinical Services. Clinical services include our person-centered assessment services, primarily to determine consumers' eligibility for Medicaid Long-Term Care services. Clinical services is a growing portion of the segment and demonstrates successful focus and execution of our continued strategy. Our services help governments engage with program recipients while at the same time helping improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, quality, and accountability of state health and disability benefits programs. These include assessments of individuals in need of long-term services and support, including clinical eligibility for services, level of care assessments, plan of care assessments and Preadmission Screening and Resident Reviews. We provide clinical assessment services to some of the largest programs in the United States.

Employment Services. Employment services cover a number of attributes, including eligibility support, case management, job-readiness preparation, job search and employer outreach, job retention and career advancement, and selected educational and training services, including vocational training. Children services include full and specialized child support case management services through customer contact center operations and program and systems professional services. Our services also cover eligibility review and enrollment support for social security benefits for disabled adults and children receiving foster care.

Table of Contents

Technology Solutions. Technology solutions offer state and local governments assistance with system planning, implementation oversight, and the construction and maintenance of client systems to allow processing of transactions. We also provide system implementation project management and Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V) services to state and local clients. Our IV&V services provide comprehensive objective testing to confirm that requirements in client systems are correct, and validate that the system correctly implements the functionality and security requirements. Consistent with our overall corporate strategy, technology solutions in our U.S. Services Segment is an area of focus for growth.

The rest of the segment's revenue is from specialized services. These services include financial services, including cost allocation plans, business process assessment and design, quality assurance processes, including policy and procedure reviews, and audit preparation and compliance, including grant and proposal reviews. The segment also assists commercial customers in claiming workforce and location-based tax benefits.

Services within this segment may be provided through a variety of media, including call centers, mailing operations, internet and mobile applications. The segment may experience seasonality due to transaction-based work, such as program open enrollment periods. Other fluctuations may arise from changes in programs directed by our clients and activity related to contract life cycles.

A small number of large states comprise a significant share of this segment's revenue. In addition, even though the majority of our direct clients are state governments, a significant amount of our revenue is ultimately funded via the U.S. federal government in the form of cost-sharing arrangements with the states, as is the case with Medicaid.

Our primary competitors are government insourced operations. External competitors include Conduent, Automated Health Systems, TTEC, Acentra Health, GetInsured, Public Consulting Group, and Deloitte. Some of these companies compete with the segment in a single market, while others compete in multiple markets. We also compete against specialized private companies, often within a regional or state focused market area, and nonprofit organizations that vary based on the nature of the work.

Outside the U.S. Segment

Our Outside the U.S. Segment generated 11% of our total revenue in fiscal year 2025.

Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides BPS and other solutions for international governments. These services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions and other job seeker-related services, digitally-enabled customer services, and advanced technologies for modernization. We support programs and deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Functional Assessment Services (FAS) contract and the Restart employment program. We also provide services in Canada and the Middle East.

We have reshaped this segment to align with the broader Maximus strategy. Through fiscal years 2023 to 2025, we divested a number of businesses with a goal of reducing volatility in the performance of this segment.

Employment Services. Comprehensive employment services help vulnerable individuals transition from government assistance programs to sustainable employment and economic independence. These services cover a number of attributes, including eligibility determination, case management, job-readiness preparation and work capability assessments, job search and employer outreach, job retention and career advancement, and selected educational and training services.

Clinical Services. Clinical services includes appeals and assessments work. On these contracts, we are typically reimbursed for each transaction. The FAS contract in the United Kingdom is a hybrid contract with cost-plus elements coupled with a number of incentives and penalties to achieve the programmatic outcomes defined by the government in order to ensure quality and timeliness of service. Maximus carries out these assessments on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), and the DWP makes the final decision on the level of benefit.

The balance of the segment provides program administration and some specialized services, including technology services and health care administration software.

Seasonality is not significant to this segment.

Our primary competitors in this segment include Atos, Capita, Serco, Reed in Partnership, Ingeus, Advanced Personnel Management, IBM, NTT Data, Pacific Blue Cross, Sawaeed, Elm, and other specialized private companies and nonprofit organizations. Although the basis for competition varies from contract to contract, we believe that typical contracts are awarded based on a mix of comprehensive solutions and prices. In some cases, clients award points for past performance tied to program outcomes.

Table of Contents

Contract Payment Terms

Payment for our services varies from contract to contract based upon factors such as the priorities of the customer and their willingness to share risks and rewards. We summarize the manner in which we are compensated for services into four categories. Additional details on these revenue types is available in Note 4. Revenue Recognition within Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

•Our performance-based revenues are paid based upon metrics, such as the number of calls, assessments, enrollments, or the size of the membership pool being maintained. Our employment services contracts typically have outcome-based payments to ensure that we help job seekers find sustained employment and achieve economic independence. Performance-based arrangements are typically used on BPS contracts and require careful assessment of the marginal costs of any contract.

•Our cost-plus revenues are paid based upon direct and indirect costs incurred by us, with an additional profit margin and, in some cases, an award fee based upon performance.

•Fixed price revenues are paid at a set rate. These contracts are typically well established with a known volume of work.

•Time and materials revenues are billed at a fixed labor rate per hour, with reimbursement of non-labor costs. These terms are common in many of our technology services contracts.

Individual contracts may have one, or more than one, of these payment terms. In general, performance-based and fixed price contracts provide a higher risk to us and, thus, typically have higher profit margins. Contracts may also include penalties, such as those based upon maintaining a certain level of performance, which may result in reductions in revenue.

Competitive Advantages

Across our segments, we bid for work against a variety of competitors. We believe the competitive advantages we hold include:

•Significant subject matter expertise in the design, implementation, administration and operation of our programs, including decades of experience;

•Our abilities in converting program requirements into technology-based solutions with our knowledge of and experience with complex and evolving government security standards;

•Our financial strength, including a robust operating cash flow and access to a $750 million credit line; and

•Our experience in bidding for work within the government field, which can be difficult for new or inexperienced competitors; and

•End‑to‑end talent strategy designed to provide alignment to meet organizational needs when and where they arise, enabled by a comprehensive recruiting program that attracts, develops, and retains talent at scale.

Table of Contents

Human Resources

Our mission statement of Moving People Forward also applies to our employees - Moving Our Talent Forward. We believe that our culture, values and commitment to our people define who we are, and guide us in making a meaningful impact on the lives of those we serve. We have adopted values of respect, compassion, innovation, accountability, collaboration, and customer focus; through these values, we endeavor to cultivate an environment that attracts and retains the workforce best suited for our current and future business.

As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 37,200 employees and 9,300 contingent workers, consisting of 15,000 employees in our U.S. Federal Services Segment, 13,600 employees in the U.S. Services Segment, 6,900 employees in the Outside the U.S. Services Segment, and 1,700 corporate administrative employees.

Total Talent

Our Total Talent Team works towards creating holistic processes and strategies to attract, develop, motivate, and retain talent. This end-to-end approach includes sourcing, recruiting, selection, onboarding, succession planning, talent management, ongoing development, the transition to a skills-based organization, and performance management. We aim to ensure we have the right people, with the right skills, at the right time. The team is comprised of two primary departments: Talent Acquisition and Learning and Organizational Development.

Talent Acquisition

Our success depends on our ability to attract talent to meet the needs of our customers and comply with our contracts. We believe our culture values skills and experiences that allow us to deliver robust and innovative approaches to solving some of our communities' most challenging needs. Our recruiting programs broad approach allows us to develop a workforce with a variety of backgrounds, including veterans and people with disabilities, and those from various socioeconomic conditions.

Our teams continue to adapt to the recruiting, hiring, and training needs of our customers in both remote and onsite settings to ensure continuity of vital services.

Learning and Organizational Development

In Moving Our Talent Forward, we have two primary focus areas: 

•Mobilizing our talent internally as the business needs, enabling us to move staff between projects, contracts, and functions, and;

•Helping employees level-up for future skill needs; our employees are our collective talent, regardless of project or business function, and we are dedicated to developing, upskilling, and retaining them to meet our future organizational talent needs. 

To support mobilizing our talent internally, we created a Strategic Workforce Planning (SWP) function to provide for an employee-centric approach to streamlining the redeployment of our workforce. The SWP function is designed so that we have the right people, with the right skills, at the right time, to meet the demands of our government clients to effectively serve and support the citizens in our own communities. We implemented the “Beach,” which is a virtual status that bridges the gap between assignments, proactively assisting our employees during times of change, providing stability, and enabling employees to move more seamlessly to new projects. We utilize demand signal and pipeline strategies to match talent leaving one project with open positions on ongoing work. As well as reducing costs of severance, recruitment, and rehiring, we believe this creates an atmosphere of increased employee security by providing that once their project is finished, employees can see opportunities to continue their careers.

We endeavor to support our employees in developing skills by fostering a culture of continuous learning and professional growth. We value ongoing development and strive to provide meaningful learning opportunities for all employees. We support enterprise-wide professional development by offering a variety of instructor-led and self-paced learning programs for audiences ranging from individual contributors to frontline supervisors and executive leadership. Our project training teams are positioned to manage customized programs supporting contract requirements, customer service, local leadership development, and employee engagement. We also provide many employees with online role-based and skill-based learning tools. We invest in both internal cross-functional resources and an innovative AI Total Talent Management System called Eightfold. Eightfold is designed to enable us to address talent needs and gaps more effectively. It is structured as a career hub that gives us more data and insight into the skillsets of our employees, recommends internal roles based on skillsets and career aspirations, and connects employees with skill development opportunities.

Table of Contents

Total Rewards

We offer and maintain market-competitive total rewards programs for our employees designed to attract and retain superior talent. In addition to competitive base wages, additional programs include incentive bonus opportunities, restricted stock units, performance stock units, global retirement programs including a company-matched 401(k) Plan in the United States, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, flexible work schedules, employee assistance programs, and supplemental programs to support our employees’ physical, mental, and financial well-being.

Employee Engagement

We believe engaged employees stay longer, provide a better client experience, and influence other employees. To better understand employee morale, satisfaction, and engagement, we administer an annual Global Employee Engagement survey. We aim to use anonymous feedback to shape the employee experience and culture where our values are lived out. We disperse aggregated results throughout the organization to ensure all levels of management understand employee sentiment. Maximus empowers employee leaders alongside an organizational action committee to review the responses and create action plans to improve our culture and performance. Our overall employee engagement score is reflected as a net promoter score. From our annual Global Employee Engagement Survey in fiscal year 2025, our net promoter score was positive 36, an improvement from positive 31 in fiscal year 2024. Additionally, 87% of employees indicated they intend to remain with Maximus for at least 12 months. We encourage our culture of engagement through other events including Foundation Month, which is focused on our impacts on local non-profits; Customer Service Week, which celebrates all employees with virtual, interactive events; and our Values Icon Awards, which recognize employees who demonstrate excellence in one of our values.

Awards

We are proud to receive accolades and recognition by our industry peers and the media for making an impact that matters. Our awards include, but are not limited to: TIME’s World’s Best Companies, Washington Post Top Workplace, Fortune America's Most Innovative Companies, Newsweek America's Most Admired Workplaces, Washington Technology Tech 100, US Veterans Magazine Top Veteran-Friendly Companies, VETS Indexes 5-Star Employer, Fortune 1000, and TIME’s America’s Best Midsize Companies. See more of Maximus's awards and recognition at https://maximus.com/awards-and-recognition.

Running our Business Ethically and with Integrity

We believe that we have earned a reputation for service excellence and commitment to the highest ethical principles and values. To maintain this reputation, we strive to consistently demonstrate the highest standards of accountability, integrity, responsibility, and ethics in our daily activities, across the organization globally, and across all disciplines.

We aim to be champions for an inclusive and collaborative culture that is free from discrimination and harassment, where everyone is treated with respect and dignity.

Violations of our ethics standards and policies are taken seriously. Any director, officer, or employee may anonymously report suspected violations of the Maximus Standards for Business Conduct and Ethics, Company policies, or applicable laws and regulations.

Maximus is committed to an environment where open, honest communications are the expectation, not the exception.

Employees understand our efforts to act with integrity, which is summarized in our Standards for Business Conduct and Ethics, which includes the confidential ethics hotline contact information and is available at maximus.com.

Environment

The Board of Directors' Nominating and Governance Committee has oversight responsibility for sustainability matters, which includes climate-related risks and opportunities.

Our operations are subject to various local, state, federal, and international environmental laws and regulations. Given the nature of our business, we do not currently anticipate that the costs of complying with, or the liabilities associated with, environmental laws and regulations will materially affect us. However, we cannot ensure that we will not incur material costs or liabilities in the future.

Table of Contents

Some of our customers are requesting that their providers adopt and disclose their climate policies and principles and are using these in procurement decisions. These requirements vary between customers and are constantly evolving, often with limited notice. Such policies and principles may be subjective, and the manner of scoring our performance against our competitors may vary between bids. The inclusion of these additional criteria, in addition to price and quality of service, may provide opportunities for us but may also count against us in competitive bids if our real or perceived performance against climate and environmental requirements is deemed unsatisfactory. As procurement trends evolve, we are engaged in efforts to mature our programs and processes to meet the demands. Additional information on risks pertaining to such matters may be found in Item "1A. Risk Factors."

Government Regulations

Our business is heavily regulated. In the United States, we must adhere to local, state, and federal laws and regulations. Within the U.S. Federal Services Segment, we must also comply with the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR), which regulates the procurement, award, administration, and performance of U.S. government contracts. Outside the United States, we must also comply with local laws and regulations as determined by geography, as well as U.S. government laws. Adherence includes human rights protections, environmental regulation, and contract specifications. Our government clients have strict policies, procedures, and requirements in the procurement process, as well as regulations governing contract pricing and reimbursable costs.

Almost all of our contracts with government clients contain 'termination for convenience' provisions. These provisions allow the client to terminate or modify a contract at any time and enables us to recover only our costs incurred or committed and settlement expenses and profit, if any, on work completed prior to termination.

Legislative Updates

We actively monitor legislative initiatives and respond to opportunities as they develop. Much of our work depends upon us reacting quickly to dynamic changes in the legislative landscape to assist with implementation of new legislation. Legislative initiatives may create new growth opportunities and potential markets for us. Legislation passed in all the geographies in which we operate can have significant public policy implications for all levels of government and presents viable business opportunities. Examples of legislative initiatives that have created new growth opportunities for us are as follows:

Public Law 119–21, known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), is a U.S. federal statute signed into law on July 4, 2025. Among the hundreds of provisions to modify the regulatory framework in the United States, the OBBBA prescribed a multitude of changes to the Medicaid program for which we are a leading provider of such service to state governments. Two primary changes to Medicaid eligibility that we expect will necessitate greater management by states are (1) more frequent redeterminations and (2) the addition of work/community engagement requirements, both scheduled to be effective December 31, 2026, and apply exclusively to the adult expansion portion of Medicaid. The redetermination frequency for the adult expansion population will increase from annually to every six months. The work/community engagement requirement for the adult expansion population is 80 hours of reported work, or other qualifying conditions, per month. The Department of Health and Human Services is scheduled to release final rules for this provision by June 1, 2026 and states are permitted to request a delay on the effective date by up to two years. Health insurance providers are precluded from managing the community engagement requirement on behalf of states.

The OBBBA also prescribed changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) administered at the state level. Improper over- and under-payments for this program’s benefits are measured with an error rate metric. Provisions in the OBBBA introduce a reduction of federal funding to states if they exceed certain error rate thresholds. The reductions of federal funding are scheduled to take effect in fiscal year 2028, which should incentivize states to improve the effectiveness and quality of program administration.

Table of Contents

Community Involvement

We aim to give back to the communities where we live and work and believe that this commitment helps in our efforts to attract and retain employees. We offer employees the opportunity to give back through the Maximus Foundation. The Foundation focuses our grant giving to carefully selected partners who have the expertise and capability to enhance our communities and the quality of life of the people we serve. We provide financial support for nonprofit organizations and charities that share our commitment in helping disadvantaged populations and underserved communities.

Other Information

Maximus, Inc. is a Virginia corporation founded in 1975.

Our principal executive offices are located at 1600 Tysons Boulevard, McLean, Virginia, 22102. Our telephone number is 703-251-8500.

Our website address is maximus.com.

We make our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and the proxy statement for our annual shareholders' meeting, as well as any amendments to those reports, available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practical after we file that material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Our SEC filings may be accessed through the Investor Relations page of our website at investor.maximus.com. These materials, as well as similar materials for other SEC registrants, may be obtained directly from the SEC through its website at sec.gov.

We use our website as a channel of distribution for important company information. Important information, including press releases, earnings and analyst presentations and financial information regarding us, as well as corporate governance information, is routinely posted and accessible on the investor relations page on our website. Information on or that can be accessed through our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report or document we file with the SEC.

Table of Contents

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations are subject to many risks that could adversely affect our future financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, and, therefore, the market value of our securities. The risks described below highlight some of the factors that have affected and, in the future, could affect our operations. Additional risks we do not yet know of or that we currently think are immaterial may also affect our business operations. If any of the events or circumstances described in the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Risks Pertaining to Our Client Relationships

We rely on key contracts with state, local, and federal governments for a significant portion of our revenue. A substantial reduction in those contracts would materially adversely affect our operating results.

In fiscal year 2025, approximately 55% of our total revenue was derived from the U.S. federal government, and approximately 33% of our total revenue was derived from contracts with state and local government agencies. Any significant disruption or deterioration in our relationship with federal, state, and local governments and a corresponding reduction in these contracts would significantly reduce our revenue and could substantially harm our business.

In fiscal year 2025, approximately 60% of our revenue came from our ten largest contracts. Furthermore, approximately one-fifth of our revenue came from contracts with a single federal agency. If any of our current significant contracts or significant contracts we enter into in the future were terminated or our work under those contracts was decreased, our revenues and net income could significantly decline. Additional potential impacts of the loss of a significant contract or contracts might include impairment charges related to tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill. Our success will depend on our continued ability to develop and manage relationships with significant customers and there is no assurance that we will be able to diversify our customer base in the near future, if at all.

The markets in which we sell our services are served by a relatively small number of governmental agencies, which limits the number of potential customers. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to retain our largest customers, that we will be able to attract additional customers, or that our customers will continue to buy our services in the same volume as in prior years. The loss of one or more of our largest customers, any reduction or delay in sales to these customers, our inability to successfully develop relationships with additional customers, or future price concessions could impact our business.

Our contracts typically run for a fixed number of years and may be extended for an additional specified number of years if the contracting entity or its agent elects to do so. When these contracts expire, they may be opened for bidding to competing bidders, and there is no guarantee that the contracts will be renewed or extended. Our clients may elect to open bidding processes earlier than anticipated, resulting in increased competition prior to the anticipated end of contracts.

Our reputation and relationships with our clients are key factors in maintaining our business. Negative press reports or publicity, regardless of accuracy, could harm our reputation. If our reputation is negatively affected, our clients may decrease or cease business with us. In addition, we are subject to various reviews, audits, and investigations to verify our compliance with the terms of our contracts, as well as compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Any adverse review, audit, or investigation could result in, among other things, cancellation of contracts; refunding of amounts that have been paid pursuant to contracts; imposition of fines, penalties, and other sanctions; loss of rights to participate on various programs; loss of licenses; lowered quality ratings; or changes to the way we do business. In addition, under government procurement regulations and practices, a negative determination from a government audit could result in a contractor being fined, debarred, and/or suspended from being able to bid on, or be awarded new government contracts for a period of time.

Table of Contents

We obtain most of our business through competitive bidding in response to government Requests For Proposals (RFP). We may not be awarded contracts through this process at the same level in the future as in the past, and contracts we are awarded may not be profitable.

Substantially all of our customers are government agencies. To secure work with government customers, we are often required to respond to competitive government RFPs, and we will only be issued a contract award when we win such a competition. To do so effectively, we must accurately estimate our cost structure for providing the required services, the time required to establish operations, and attempt to submit a proposal that is more advantageous for the client than our competitors' proposals. We must also assemble and submit a large volume of information that must comply with the RFP's rigid requirements and relatively short timetable. Our ability to successfully respond to RFPs could greatly impact our business. There is no assurance that we will continue to be awarded contracts in response to government RFPs, and when we are awarded such contracts, they may not be profitable. The competitive bidding process has substantial costs, including labor costs and management's time to prepare bids and proposals for contracts that may not be awarded to us, may be split among competitors, or that may be awarded but for which we do not receive a meaningful volume of task orders.

In addition, competitors may protest contracts awarded to us through the RFP process that may cause the award to be delayed, cancelled, or require the customer to reinitiate the RFP process. Any loss or delay of start-up and funding of work under protested contract awards may adversely affect our revenues and profitability. In addition, certain of our multiple-award contracts require that we make post-award efforts to obtain task orders under the contract. Because of these factors, we may not be able to obtain task orders or recognize revenue under these multiple-award contracts.

Even where we are an incumbent, our ability to secure continued work or work at similar margins may be affected by competitive rebids or contract changes and cancellations. If we do not win certain recompetes, this may adversely affect our revenues and profitability, potentially resulting in impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets. Although it is difficult to track all the reasons for changes in our contracts, we believe that this contract erosion has typically affected approximately 7% to 10% of our business annually, with the erosion largely being replaced by new or expanded work elsewhere.

Within our U.S. federal business, our ability to participate in many competitive bids in response to government RFPs is dependent on us maintaining our status as a contractor on, and/or winning new Government-Wide Acquisition Contracts (GWACs). GWACs are an important process by which agencies of the federal government purchase goods and services. Eligibility to remain on a GWAC changes over time. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining eligibility or are not awarded GWACs, this would have a negative impact on our future opportunities.

A GWAC is a procurement instrument intended for use by multiple U.S. federal government agencies. GWACs are pre-competed, multiple-award, indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) contracts that are intended to provide flexibility and streamline the acquisition process, enabling the U.S. federal government to buy total information technology (IT) solutions more efficiently. All IDIQs, including GWACs, are regulated by the FAR, which sets forth rules and regulations that must be followed by federal agencies and providers of goods and services to the government in the procurement process. This includes competing for the award of task orders pursuant to GWACs. For instance, in 2018, Maximus was named a recipient of the U.S. General Services Administration's (GSA) Alliant 2 GWAC. Alliant 2 is an unrestricted, multi-vendor IDIQ award with a contract ceiling of $50 billion. Later, we competed for and won a contract that was awarded as a task order under the Alliant 2 GWAC. If we are unable to adapt to changing eligibility requirements for strategic GWAC competitions, we would risk losing access to related contracts and awards. If we are unable to win task orders under GWACs, our profitability and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Table of Contents

Our business could be adversely affected by legislative or government budgetary and spending changes, including pricing changes.

The market for our services depends largely on domestic and international legislative programs and the budgetary capability to support programs, including the continuance of existing programs. Many of our contracts are not fully funded at inception and rely upon future appropriations of funds. Accordingly, a failure to receive additional anticipated funding for any reason, including as a result of government shutdowns, may result in early termination of a contract. In addition, many of our contracts include clauses that allow clients to unilaterally modify or terminate contracts with little or no recompense.

Changes in state or federal government initiatives or in the level of government spending due to budgetary or deficit considerations may have a significant impact on our future financial performance. In recent quarters, the U.S. federal government has placed a significant focus on efficiency, including with respect to contracting with private companies. These efforts may have a number of effects on our business.

•Changes in priorities may result in procurement changes, delays or cancellations, as well as changes or cancellations of existing contracts.

•Changes in priorities may also affect the level of demand or funding for our state programs in the United States, which are typically mandated and fully or partially funded by the U.S. federal government.

•Changes to procurement rules may result in additional competition, scrutiny and costs of compliance.

•Changes in federal regulations may require us to change our existing business practices, may be disruptive to our business, may create a level of uncertainty within our workforce and may conflict with local laws and regulations.

•The U.S. Government may seek to lower barriers to entry to allow greater involvement by the private sector. While this may provide additional opportunities for us, it may also expose us to greater levels of competition.

These efficiency efforts are occurring in a highly volatile regulatory environment, which may limit our ability to make long-term planning decisions as these efforts may be curtailed or redirected with a change in administration or change in administration priorities. In addition, disputes over the efficiency efforts may result in legislative delays, including government shutdowns, which could result in additional costs and uncertainty. Furthermore, another prolonged government shutdown could adversely impact our operations, revenue, and cash flow, as the government may issue stop work orders on our contracts and delay payment on work already performed.

Government entities have in the past and may in the future conclude their contracts with us earlier than we expect, or they could terminate their contracts with us earlier than we expect, which may result in revenue shortfalls and unrecovered costs.

Many of our government contracts contain base periods of one or more years, as well as option periods covering more than half of the contract's potential duration. Government agencies do not have to exercise these option periods, and they may elect not to exercise them for budgetary, performance, or any other reason. Our contracts also typically contain provisions permitting a government customer to terminate the contract fully or partially without notice, with or without cause. Termination without cause provisions generally allow the government to terminate a contract entirely or partially for particular services at any time and enable us to recover only our costs incurred or committed and settlement expenses and profit, if any, on the work completed prior to termination. We may not be able to recover all the costs incurred during the start-up phase of a terminated contract.

In addition, in the past, we have experienced performance issues under certain contracts. Some of our contracts involve the development and implementation of complex systems and products to achieve formidable customer goals in a competitive procurement environment. As a result, we sometimes experience technological, scheduling or other performance difficulties, which have in the past and may in the future result in delays, cost overruns and failures in our performance under these contracts. If a government customer terminates a contract for default, we could be exposed to liability, including for excess costs incurred by the customer in procuring undelivered services and products from another source.

The unexpected termination of significant contracts could result in significant declines in revenues. If revenue declines occur and are not offset by corresponding reductions in expenses, our business could be adversely affected. We cannot anticipate if, when, or to what extent a customer might terminate their contracts with us.

Table of Contents

If we fail to establish and maintain important relationships with government officials, entities and agencies, our ability to successfully bid under RFPs, retain existing work, and secure new work on future procurements may be adversely affected.

To facilitate our ability to prepare bids in response to competitive procurements, retain existing work, and secure new work on future procurements, we rely in part on establishing and maintaining relationships with officials of various government entities and agencies. These relationships enable us to provide informal feedback and advice to government entities and agencies prior to the development of competitive procurement requirements, and our capabilities to support government objectives. We also engage third-party consultants and coalitions to establish and maintain relationships with elected officials and appointed members of government agencies. The effectiveness of these resources may be reduced or eliminated if a significant political change or policy occurs. In that circumstance, we may be unable to successfully manage our relationships with government entities and agencies and with elected officials and appointees. Any failure to maintain active relationships with government entities and agencies may adversely affect our business.

Our customers may limit or prohibit the outsourcing of certain programs or may refuse to grant consents and/or waivers necessary to permit contractors, such as us, to perform certain elements of government programs.

Governments could limit or prohibit private contractors like us from operating or performing elements of certain programs. Within the United States, state or local governments could be required to operate such programs with government employees as a condition of receiving federal funding. Moreover, under current law, in order to privatize certain functions of government programs, the U.S. federal government must grant a consent and/or waiver to the petitioning state or local agency. If the U.S. federal government does not grant a necessary consent or waiver, the state or local agency will be unable to outsource that function to a private entity, such as us. This situation could eliminate or reduce the value of an existing contract.

Risks Pertaining to the Performance of Our Business

If we fail to satisfy our contractual obligations or to meet performance standards, our contracts may be terminated, and we may incur significant costs or liabilities, including actual or liquidated damages and penalties, which could adversely impact our operating results, financial condition, cash flows, and our ability to compete for future contracts.

Our contracts may be terminated due to our failure to satisfy our contractual obligations or to meet performance standards and often require us to indemnify customers for their damages. In addition, some of our contracts contain substantial liquidated damages provisions and financial penalties related to performance failures. The policy coverage and limits in our errors and omissions insurance may not be adequate to provide protection against all potential liabilities. Further, for certain contracts, we may post significant performance bonds or issue letters of credit to secure our performance, indemnification, and other obligations. If a claim is made against a performance bond or letter of credit, we may be required to reimburse the issuer for the amount of the claim. Consequently, we may incur significant costs or liabilities, including penalties, which could adversely impact our operating results, cash flows, financial condition, and our ability to compete for future contracts. The resulting reputational damage may also affect our ability to compete for and win work elsewhere.

If we fail to accurately estimate the factors upon which we base our contract pricing, we may generate less profit than expected or incur losses on those contracts.

During fiscal year 2025, we derived approximately 54% of our revenue from performance-based contracts and 13% from fixed-price contracts. For performance-based contracts, we receive our fee on a per-transaction basis or upon meeting specified milestones. These contracts include contracts in which we receive a payment for performing an independent medical examination or placing a participant in sustained employment for a specified time period. For fixed-price contracts, we receive our fee based on services provided. Those services include operating a Medicaid enrollment center pursuant to specified standards, designing and implementing information systems or applications, or delivering a planning document under a professional services arrangement. To earn a profit on these contracts, we must accurately estimate the likely volume of work that will occur, costs, and resource requirements involved, and assess the probability of completing individual transactions or milestones within the contracted time period. If our estimates prove to be inaccurate, we may not achieve the level of profit we expected, or we may incur a net loss on a contract.

Table of Contents

Our growth initiatives could adversely affect our profitability.

Our strategic plan seeks to expand our existing business and identify new organic growth opportunities. In seeking these opportunities, we may encounter start-up challenges, new compliance requirements, unforeseen costs, and other risks as we enter new markets, including identifying appropriate opportunities, differentiating ourselves from competitors, managing our ramp-up, recruiting and retaining appropriately experienced and qualified employees, managing customer expectations, and appropriately budgeting and pricing new work.

There are inherent risks in our expansion goals. Even if our efforts are successful, growth initiatives may divert management's focus from our core business, and we may be unable to realize the levels of profitability we anticipated. If we are unable to manage the risks of operating in these new markets, our reputation and profitability could be adversely affected.

Investments we make in the business may not be recovered on a timely basis, or at all.

We are continuously making investments in our business, enhancing resources for company-wide, business line or specific contract initiatives, including technology investments. These expenses include leasing and outfitting office space, purchasing office equipment, developing internal-use software, and hiring personnel. We may also make broad investments in resources, such as technology or personnel, to address new or adjacent markets. These investments may not be recovered if we are unsuccessful in our entrance into these markets.

When making these investments we assume that we will be able to recover these costs through future revenues or anticipated cost savings. If these future revenues or cost savings do not materialize, or fall short of the amounts anticipated, or if our investments exceed our anticipated budgets, we may not be able to realize these anticipated benefits. If our anticipated benefits are delayed, this may result in greater cash outflows and cause us to increase our borrowings. In addition, payments due to us from government agencies may be delayed due to administrative delays, billing cycles, or as a result of failures by the government to approve governmental budgets in a timely manner. To the extent that we have deferred the cost of these upfront investments as balance sheet assets, an anticipated failure to realize the benefits of these costs may result in impairment charges.

We face competition from a variety of organizations, many of which have substantially greater financial resources than we do; we may be unable to compete successfully with these organizations.

We face competition from a number of different organizations depending upon the market and geographic location in which we are competing. Some of our most significant competitors are included in Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Many of these companies are international in scope, larger than us, and have greater financial resources, name recognition, and larger technical staff. Merger and acquisition activity is widespread in our industry and could result in the emergence of companies which are better able to compete against us. Substantial resources could enable certain competitors to initiate severe price cuts or take other measures in an effort to gain market share. In addition, we may be unable to compete for the limited number of large contracts because we may not be able to meet an RFP requirement to obtain and post a large performance bond. In some cases, competitors may choose to take greater risks or lower profit margins in order to enter a market or build market share. Also, in some geographic areas, we face competition from smaller firms with established reputations and political relationships. We also compete with smaller, more specialized companies that concentrate their resources on particular areas. Additionally, we may compete with the U.S. federal government's own capabilities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully against our existing or any new competitors.

We use third parties to assist us in providing services to our customers, and these third parties may not perform as expected.

From time to time, we engage subcontractors, teaming partners, or other third parties to provide our customers with a single-source solution. We cannot guarantee that those parties will comply with the terms set forth in their agreements or remain financially sound. We have in the past and may in the future have disputes with our subcontractors, teaming partners, or other third parties arising from the quality and timeliness of their work, customer concerns about them, or other matters. Subcontractor or teaming partner performance deficiencies can result in a customer terminating our contract for default. We may be exposed to liability, and we and our clients may be adversely affected if a subcontractor or teaming partner fails to meet its contractual obligations.

Table of Contents

Risks Pertaining to Technology, Data and Data Security

Our use of AI involves risks such as potential liability, regulatory issues, competition, and reputational damage. AI technologies create specific risks that require tailored governance and use case specific review. Insufficient oversight could lead to legal liability, financial loss, and reputational harm.

We use AI to sort, organize, analyze, and generate data for business purposes. AI encompasses machine learning, generative AI, and other standard techniques. The comprehensive lifecycle utilization of AI, whether implemented directly by us or in collaboration with third parties, will necessitate ongoing investment in governance and security resources to help ensure our responsible use of AI and to safeguard against potential risks and vulnerabilities.

The use of AI carries considerable risks, and we cannot guarantee the achievement of intended outcomes. As an evolving technology, AI may occasionally produce incomplete or misleading results. Despite training and risk management efforts, there is a possibility that employees might misuse AI, either intentionally or unintentionally. Additionally, given the nature of our citizen-facing services, we are vulnerable to potential adversarial attacks. Should our AI generate suboptimal or contentious outcomes, or if public perception of AI shifts negatively due to perceived risks, we may encounter operational challenges, competitive disadvantages, legal liabilities, reputational harm, or other business impacts.

AI-related legal and regulatory frameworks are evolving due to concerns about bias, discrimination, transparency, and security. The use of AI technologies involves issues associated with intellectual property, data privacy, consumer protection, competition, and equal opportunity, with potential for new regulations. AI is under review by U.S. federal and state and international agencies, and changes in administration may influence the regulatory landscape for AI in the United States. New or expanded AI laws could raise compliance costs and pose unpredictable risks, potentially affecting our operations and results.

We may not be successful in our AI initiatives, which could adversely affect our business, reputation, and/or financial results.

AI presents new risks and challenges that may affect our business. We have made, and expect to continue to make, investments to integrate AI and machine learning technology into our products and solutions, as well as to use AI to enhance our own business operations. Given the nature of AI technology, we face significant competition from other companies and an evolving regulatory landscape. Our AI efforts may not be successful and our competitors may incorporate AI into their products more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our financial results. Our competitors may be larger, more diversified, better funded, and have access to more advanced technology, including AI. These competitive advantages may enable our competition to innovate better and more quickly and to compete more effectively on quality and price, causing us to lose business and profitability. Burgeoning interest in AI may increase our competition and disrupt our business model. AI may lower barriers to entry in our industry and we may be unable to effectively compete with the products or services offered by new competitors. AI-related changes to the products and services we offer may affect our customers’ expectations, requirements, or tastes in ways we cannot adequately anticipate or adapt to, causing our business to lose sales, customers, or the ability to operate profitably and sustainably.

Our systems and networks are and have been subject to cybersecurity breaches.

We are a trusted provider to government and other clients of critical health and human services that rely heavily upon technology systems, software, and networks to receive, input, maintain, and communicate participant and client data. The risk of a security breach, system disruption, ransom-ware attack, or similar cyber-attack or intrusion, including by computer hackers, cyber terrorists, or foreign governments, is persistent, substantial, and increases as the volume, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks, intrusions and threats from around the world increase daily. If our systems or networks are compromised, we could be adversely affected by losing confidential or protected information of program participants and clients or by facing a demand for ransom to prevent disclosure of or to restore access to such information. The loss, theft, or improper disclosure of that information could subject us to sanctions under the relevant laws, breach of contract claims, contract termination, class action, or individual lawsuits from affected parties, negative press articles, reputational damage, and a loss of confidence from our government clients, all of which could adversely affect our existing business, future opportunities, and financial condition. Additionally, if our internal networks were compromised, we could suffer the loss of proprietary, trade secret, or confidential technical and financial data. That could make us less competitive in the marketplace and adversely affect our existing business, future opportunities, and financial condition.

Table of Contents

We have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past, and have continued to experience cybersecurity incidents, that were immaterial. In the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, we experienced a material cybersecurity incident as the personal information of a significant number of individuals was accessed by an unauthorized third party by exploiting a zero-day vulnerability in a third-party vendor's file transfer application used by many organizations, including us. We have recorded expenses in connection with our investigation and remediation activities related to this incident; further details are included in "Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies" in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We may continue to experience cybersecurity incidents in the future. There can be no guarantee that our preventative and remediation efforts will be sufficient to protect our information systems, information, and other assets from significant harm and that future cybersecurity incidents will not have a material adverse effect on us or our results of operations or financial condition or cause reputational or other harm to us. For more information regarding our cybersecurity risk management, see "Item 1C. Cybersecurity" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Many of our projects handle protected health information or other forms of confidential personal information, the loss or disclosure of which has adversely affected, and in the future, could further adversely affect, our business, results of operations, and reputation.

As a provider of services under government health and human services programs, we often receive, maintain, and transmit protected health information or other types of confidential personal information. That information may be regulated by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (HITECH), Internal Revenue Service regulations, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), or similar U.S. or foreign laws. The loss, theft, or improper use or disclosure of that information could subject us to sanctions under the relevant laws, breach of contract claims, class action or individual lawsuits from affected parties, negative press articles, and a loss of confidence from our government clients, all of which could adversely affect our existing business, future opportunities, and financial condition.

For instance, as a result of the cybersecurity incident described above, several class actions and lawsuits have been filed. The resolution of these matters may result in damages, costs, fines or penalties, which may adversely affect our existing business, future opportunities, and financial condition.

Risks Related to our Acquisitions

We may experience difficulties in integrating our operations with those of acquired businesses and realizing the expected benefits of these acquisitions.

Our growth strategy includes a program to identify and execute acquisitions to enable long-term, sustainable, organic growth by continuing to expand the business, enhance our clinical and digital capabilities, and extend into new and adjacent market areas. Although we anticipate that acquisitions will create long-term shareholder value, this expectation is based on assumptions about our acquisitions and preliminary estimates of their performance, which may change materially. The benefits of acquisitions depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate the acquired businesses and realize the anticipated benefits, including business opportunities and growth prospects from combining our businesses. We may not achieve these objectives within the anticipated time frame or may never realize these benefits, and the value of our common stock may be harmed. Integration of acquired businesses may result in material challenges, including, without limitation:

•Our management might have its attention diverted from ongoing business concerns while trying to integrate these operations, and we could experience performance shortfalls within our existing or acquired businesses as a result of the devotion of management's attention to integration efforts.

•The integration process could take longer than anticipated and could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of each company's ongoing businesses, tax costs or inefficiencies, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, IT systems, compliance requirements, procedures, and policies, any of which could materially adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers, employees, or other third parties, or our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of the transactions, and could harm our financial performance.

•We could encounter unanticipated issues in integrating IT, communications, and other systems that could harm our financial performance.

•If we are unable to successfully or timely integrate our operations with those of the companies or assets we acquire, we may incur unanticipated liabilities and be unable to realize the revenue growth, synergies, and other anticipated benefits, and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Table of Contents

We may face liabilities arising from divested or discontinued businesses.

We have divested a number of businesses. Similar to acquisitions, divestitures may divert attention and encounter issues as we complete the disposal. The transaction documents for those divestitures typically contain a variety of representations, warranties, and indemnification obligations, as well as ongoing financial arrangements and guarantees post-divestiture. We have faced, and continue to face, indemnification claims and liabilities, including those from alleged breaches of representations and warranties.

In connection with our acquisitions, we may be required to take write-downs, write-offs, restructuring, impairment, or other charges that could negatively affect our business, assets, liabilities, prospects, outlook, financial condition, and results of operations.

The due diligence we conduct on our acquisitions may not reveal all material issues that may be present, nor does it preclude factors outside of our control from arising later. There is no assurance that our representations and warranties insurance policies that we purchase for certain acquisitions will cover any losses we might experience from breaches of the sellers' representations and warranties or otherwise arising from the acquisitions. Even if our due diligence successfully identifies certain risks, unexpected risks may arise, and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. If acquisitions do not perform as anticipated, we may be required to take restructuring, impairment, or other charges that could negatively affect our business, assets, liabilities, prospects, financial position, results of operations and outlook.

We are required to identify the fair value of assets acquired, such as customer relationships and technology, using estimates that are based upon factors such as expected future operations and the manner in which we will utilize these assets, which may be inaccurate or may change post-acquisition. In addition, we have recorded $1.78 billion of goodwill at September 30, 2025. This balance represents the difference between the amount paid for acquisitions and the identifiable assets acquired. Goodwill is allocated to reporting units, consistent with our segments, and is regularly reviewed to ensure that the value of those segments exceeds the carrying value of the assets held, including goodwill. If the carrying value of our assets, including goodwill, exceeds their fair value, we may be required to impair our goodwill, which could result in a significant effect on our financial results and condition.

Risks Pertaining to Legal Compliance

We are subject to review and audit by governments at their sole discretion and, if any improprieties are found, we may be required to refund revenue we have received or forego anticipated revenue, which could have a material adverse impact on our revenue and our ability to bid in response to RFPs.

We are subject to audits, investigations, and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of the U.S. federal government, state, local, and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the United States. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension, or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by U.S. federal, state, local, and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations, and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business, including but not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes, and charges before administrative agencies.

We may be subject to fines, penalties, and other sanctions if we fail to comply with laws governing our business.

Our business operates within a variety of complex regulatory environments, including but not limited to the FAR, Federal Cost Accounting Standards, the Truth in Negotiations Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (and similar national, state, and foreign laws), the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the United Kingdom Bribery Act, as well as the regulations governing Medicaid and Medicare and accounting standards. If a government audit finds improper or illegal activities by us or we otherwise determine that these activities have occurred, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines, and suspension or disqualification from doing business with various governments. Any such determination could adversely impact our ability to bid in response to RFPs in one or more jurisdictions. Further, as a government contractor subject to the types of regulatory schemes described above, we are subject to an increased risk of investigations, criminal prosecution, civil fraud, whistleblower lawsuits, and other legal actions and liabilities to which other private sector companies are not, the result of which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows, and financial condition.

Table of Contents

Adverse judgments or settlements in legal disputes could harm our operating results, cash flows, and financial condition.

From time to time, we are subject to a variety of lawsuits and other claims. These may include lawsuits and claims related to contracts, subcontracts, securities compliance, employment and wage claims, and compliance with Medicaid and Medicare regulations, laws governing student loans and child support enforcement, and other matters. Adverse judgments or settlements in some or all of these legal disputes may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief. In addition, litigation and other legal claims are subject to inherent uncertainties, and management's view of these matters may change in the future. Those uncertainties include, but are not limited to, costs of litigation, unpredictable court or jury decisions, and the differing laws and attitudes regarding damage awards among the states and countries in which we operate.

We may be precluded from bidding and performing certain work due to other work we currently perform.

Various laws and regulations prohibit companies from performing work for government agencies that might be viewed as an actual or apparent conflict of interest. These laws limit our ability to pursue and perform certain types of work. For example, some of our businesses assist government agencies in developing RFPs for various government programs. In those situations, the divisions involved in operating such programs would likely be precluded from bidding on those RFPs. Similarly, regulations governing the independence of Medicaid enrollment brokers and Medicare appeal providers prevent us from providing services to other organizations such as health plans and providers.

Our employees or subcontractors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, which could harm our business.

Although we make efforts to monitor our employees and subcontractors, it is not always possible to prevent or detect misconduct. Misconduct might include improper use of client information, failure to comply with government procurement operations, engaging in unauthorized activities, misusing authorized access, or falsifying time records. As a result of any such misconduct, we may be subject to fines and civil or criminal penalties, restrictions on bidding or performing work for our customers or potential customers, as well as damage to our reputation. These damages could materially affect the results of our operations and financial condition.

Requirements and expectations related to the manner in which we operate our business, particularly pertaining to environmental, social and governance practices, may differ between our stakeholders, exposing us to additional costs and risks.

Numerous stakeholders are taking a close interest in the manner in which we operate our business. Expectations are being set by our customers, employees, and investors on issues such as climate change and workplace culture. These expectations may affect us through specific laws or regulations in the markets in which we operate, conditions on which we bid for work or how we are evaluated as a bidder, in the manner in which we maintain our reputation with the communities we serve, and in criteria used by investors in evaluating our stock. In some cases, expectations between different parties may conflict and the expectations may evolve quickly. If we do not closely evaluate the policies we follow and clearly communicate them, we may be at risk of noncompliance with laws and regulations, reputational damage, challenges in bidding for or retaining work, difficulties in recruiting and retaining employees and business partners, and a decrease in the valuation of our stock.

Table of Contents

Risks Pertaining to our Human Resources

We may lose executive officers and senior managers on whom we rely to generate business and execute projects successfully.

The ability of our executive officers and our senior managers to generate business and execute projects effectively is important to our success. The loss of an executive officer or senior manager, including those who joined us through acquisitions, could impair our ability to secure and manage engagements, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We may be unable to attract and retain sufficient qualified personnel to sustain our business.

Our delivery of services is labor-intensive. When we are awarded a government contract, we must quickly hire project leaders and operational staff. Some larger projects have required us to hire and train thousands of operational staff in a short time period. That effort can be especially challenging in geographic areas with low unemployment rates. The additional operational staff also creates a concurrent demand for increased administrative personnel. Our success requires that we attract, develop, motivate, and retain:

•experienced and innovative executive officers;

•senior managers who have successfully managed or designed government services programs; and

•IT professionals who have designed or implemented complex IT projects within and outside the United States.

Innovative, experienced, and technically proficient individuals are in great demand and are likely to remain a limited resource. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to attract and retain desirable executive officers, senior managers, management personnel, and IT professionals. Our inability to hire sufficient personnel on a timely basis or the loss of significant numbers of executive officers and senior managers could adversely affect our business.

Unions may oppose outsourcing of government programs to outside vendors such as us, which could limit our market opportunities and could impact us adversely. In addition, our unionized workers outside the United States could disrupt our operations, and our non-unionized workers could attempt to unionize, which could disrupt our operations and impose higher costs on us.

Our success depends in part on our ability to win profitable contracts to administer and manage programs often previously administered by government employees. Many government employees, however, belong to labor unions with considerable financial resources and lobbying networks. Further, unions that have historically not represented government employees may seek to unionize our workforce. Unions have in the past applied, and are likely to continue to apply, political pressure on legislators and other officials responsible for outsourced government programs.

Union activity in the United States has seen a resurgence in recent years. Maximus has been the subject of union-initiated press reports and walk-outs, work disruptions and other actions designed to promote union membership. Non-unionized workers at several of our U.S. locations initiate organizing efforts from time to time to unionize. Even if unsuccessful, such organizing efforts could be disruptive to our business operations and can result in adverse publicity.

The potential for adverse media coverage may have a negative effect on the willingness of government agencies to outsource or cause them to seek contract terms that could impact us adversely, which has happened in the past and could happen again in the future. A successful union organizing effort at one or more of our locations could substantially increase our costs and result in our inability to successfully recompete for existing business.

Outside the United States, we currently operate outsourced programs with unionized employees in the U.K. and Canada. We experienced opposition from unions in Canada, which objected to the outsourcing of government programs. Our unionized workers outside the United States could declare a strike or could bargain in a manner that could adversely affect our performance and financial results.

Table of Contents

General Risk Factors

A number of factors may cause our cash flows and results of operations to vary from quarter to quarter.

Factors that may cause our cash flows and results of operations to vary from quarter to quarter include:

•the commencement, completion, or termination of contracts;

•caseloads and other factors where revenue is derived on transactional volume on contracts;

•the levels of revenue earned and profitability of fixed-price and performance-based contracts;

•expenses related to certain contracts which may be incurred in periods prior to revenue being recognized;

•increasing rates of inflation, which may increase our costs of labor and other goods and services;

•the schedules of government agencies for awarding contracts;

•government budgetary delays or shortfalls;

•the timing of change orders being signed;

•delays in payments from customers for a variety of reasons, including updating payment systems and timing for contract updates;

•the terms of awarded contracts; and

•potential acquisitions.

Changes in the volume of activity and the number of contracts commenced, completed, or terminated during any quarter may cause significant variations in our cash flows and results of operations because a large amount of our expenses are fixed.

Our profitability may be constrained by the effects of inflation.

Demand for talent in certain elements of our business can be highly competitive. To the extent actual wage inflation exceeds our estimates or we are not able to incorporate wage increases in our contracts that cover the actual wage inflation we experience, our operations and financial results may be adversely affected. Our portfolio includes fixed-price, performance-based, and cost-plus contracts for which employment requirements are contract-specific and have varying impacts to financial results.

In cost-plus contracts, we work with our customers to come to an agreement for wage increases to meet the current demand and hiring needs, which generally does not impact profitability of these contracts. For fixed-price and performance-based contracts, large and/or sudden changes to the labor market may require us to hire talent at wage levels higher than budgeted, which can adversely impact results on what are often multi-year contracts. For example, our fixed-price and performance-based contracts typically include labor escalators but varying market conditions could require wage increases exceeding the priced escalators, which would adversely impact margins. This has happened in the past and may happen again in the future. This is one of many factors that may impact profitability on multi-year fixed-price and performance-based contracts.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our business and our ability to meet our obligations.

At September 30, 2025, we owed $1.3 billion under our credit facilities. At September 30, 2025, our effective interest rate was 5.37%, compared to 5.52% at September 30, 2024. Our credit facilities are subject to variable rates that expose us to interest rate risk. When interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness increase even though the amount borrowed remains the same.

Our indebtedness contains financial or other covenants that limit our operational flexibility in a number of other ways, including:

•causing us to be less able to take advantage of business opportunities, such as other acquisition opportunities, and to react to changes in market or industry conditions;

•increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic, industry, or competitive developments;

Table of Contents

•affecting our ability to pay or refinance debts as they become due during adverse economic, financial market, and industry conditions;

•requiring us to use a larger portion of cash flow for debt service, reducing funds available for other purposes;

•decreasing our profitability and/or cash flow;

•causing us to be disadvantaged compared to competitors with less leverage; and

•limiting our ability to borrow additional funds in the future to fund working capital, capital expenditures, and other general corporate purposes.

Approximately half of our long-term debt is held at variable interest rates. Although interest rates in the United States have declined from recent highs, they remain close to their highest levels in over a decade. Higher interest rates have a detrimental effect on our profits and cash flows, as well as reducing the amount of cash we have available for servicing of debt or other transactions.

We may not be able to realize the full value of our backlog.

At September 30, 2025, our total backlog was $15.3 billion. This represents an estimate of potential revenue from our existing contract portfolio. We may not be able to realize all of this backlog or accurately estimate the timing of revenue from this backlog for a number of reasons.

•Our backlog may be dependent upon continued funding of our contracts, which may be subject to legislative or executive approvals.

•Almost all of our contracts may be canceled at the convenience of our customer, or might otherwise be reduced, modified, amended, or delayed.

•Many of our contracts include option years, which our customers may choose not to exercise.

•Where revenue is based upon factors tied to our performance, such as the number of transactions we perform, the quantity and type of personnel we provide, or the service penalties we incur, we may fall short of the amounts estimated within our current backlog and receive less revenue.

We are subject to the risks of doing business internationally.

For the year ended September 30, 2025, 11% of our revenue was driven from jurisdictions outside the United States. As a result, a significant portion of our business operations are subject to foreign financial, tax, and business risks which could arise in the event of:

•foreign currency exchange fluctuations, including unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses which may become realized in the event of a disposal or abandonment;

•unexpected increases in tax rates or changes in U.S. or foreign tax laws;

•non-compliance with international laws and regulations, such as data privacy, employment regulations, and trade barriers;

•non-compliance with U.S. laws affecting the activities of U.S. companies in international locations, including the FCPA;

•the absence in some jurisdictions of effective laws to protect our intellectual property rights;

•new regulatory requirements or changes in local laws that materially affect the demand for our services or directly affect our foreign operations;

•local economic and political conditions, including severe or protracted recessions in foreign economies and inflation risk;

•the length of payment cycles and potential difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

•difficulty managing and communicating with teams outside the United States;

•difficulty in maintaining our control environment, including controls over financial reporting;

Table of Contents

•unusual or unexpected monetary exchange controls, price controls, or restrictions on transfers of cash; or

•civil disturbance, terrorism, or other geopolitical or catastrophic events that reduce business activity in other parts of the world.

These factors may lead to decreased revenues and profits, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business could be materially and adversely impacted by natural or man-made factors outside of our control.

We face various risks related to disruptions of our operations due to natural disasters, pandemics, global conflicts, and similar events beyond our control. Despite precautions and business interruption and disaster recovery procedures we currently have in place, we could face disruption to our operations due to the impact of natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, epidemics, pandemics and public health crises, and other catastrophic events such as terrorism, war, or global or regional economic, political and social conditions.

For example, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted worldwide economic activity and resulted in travel and work restrictions, commercial disruptions, and affected companies' operations around the world. We were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, including operational disruptions and changes in working practices. If significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness, quarantines, government actions, facility closures resulting from a natural disaster or public health crisis, failures in key networks or communications systems resulting from a natural disaster, or other limitations or restrictions in connection with a natural disaster or public health crisis, our operations will likely be adversely impacted. If our operations are materially restricted, we may be unable to perform fully on our contracts, and our costs may increase significantly. These cost increases may not be fully recoverable or adequately covered by insurance.

Inaccurate, misleading, or negative media coverage could adversely affect our reputation and our ability to bid for government contracts.

Because of the public nature of many of our business lines, the media frequently focuses their attention on our contracts with government agencies. If the media coverage is negative, it could influence government officials to slow the pace of outsourcing government services, which could reduce the number of RFPs. The media also focus their attention on the activities of political consultants engaged by us, and we may be tainted by adverse media coverage about their activities, even when those activities are unrelated to our business. Moreover, inaccurate, misleading, or negative media coverage about us could harm our reputation and, accordingly, our ability to bid for and win government contracts.

Our Articles of Incorporation and bylaws include provisions that may have anti-takeover effects.

Our Articles of Incorporation and bylaws include provisions that may delay, deter, or prevent a takeover attempt that shareholders might consider desirable. For example, our Articles of Incorporation provide that our shareholders may not take any action in writing without a meeting. This prohibition could impede or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by requiring that any corporate actions initiated by shareholders be adopted only at properly called shareholder meetings.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Table of Contents

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

Cybersecurity forms a critical component of the services we provide to our customers. We collect and utilize many different types of information, including financial, medical, human resources, and other personal information. Federal and state laws and regulations, contractual obligations, and national and international industry standards, impose obligations on us to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information relating to employees, clients, vendors, patients, and citizens. We maintain an Information Security Office (ISO), whose mission is to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data through administrative, technical, and physical safeguards.

Identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity related risks are integrated into our overall enterprise risk management (ERM) process, which is our approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating major risks. Cybersecurity threats are evaluated based on our perceived vulnerability to a particular threat and the potential impact such a threat could have, with mitigation efforts focused on the highest risks. This risk assessment is updated no less than annually and reviewed by the Board of Directors.

We have experienced cybersecurity incidents that were immaterial and, as previously disclosed, in the third quarter of fiscal year 2023, we experienced a material cybersecurity incident as the personal information of a significant number of individuals was accessed by an unauthorized third-party exploiting a zero-day vulnerability in a third-party vendor's file transfer application used by many organizations, including us. We recorded expenses in connection with the investigation and remediation activities related to this incident; further details are included in "Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies" in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To date, we are not aware of any other cybersecurity incidents that have had a material effect on our business. Despite our preventative and remediation efforts, we may continue to experience cybersecurity incidents in the future. There can be no guarantee that such efforts will be sufficient to protect our information systems, information, and other assets from significant harm and that future cybersecurity incidents will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition or cause reputational or other harm to us. Refer to Item 1A of this Form 10-K, which includes a section on "Risks Pertaining to Data and Data Security," for further discussion of the associated risks.

We engage third parties to conduct independent cybersecurity assessments. The assessments include technical control reviews of new technologies, penetration testing, and ongoing monitoring of our security posture. We also rely on third parties to conduct annual audits to maintain cybersecurity certifications, such as ISO27001 and Cyber Essentials. As a government contractor, we are also subject to numerous Service Organization Control (SOC) audits each year to fulfill contractual requirements.

The ISO manages our security vendor risk management program. Each vendor’s cybersecurity risk is ranked using a risk tiering calculator. The calculator is designed to provide a consistent methodology for evaluating key risk factors, such as the type of service or product the vendor provides and the location and classification of data. For high- and moderate-risk vendors, an assessment is completed that includes reviewing external audits and certifications (e.g., SOC 2 Type 2 audit, ISO27001 and associated Statement of Applicability, or FedRAMP). As needed, an industry-standard questionnaire is completed by the vendor and the results assessed by ISO in an effort to ascertain the vendor's information security maturity and overall posture. High-risk vendors are re-evaluated annually while moderate-risk vendors are evaluated every three years. Ongoing monitoring is in place for all high and moderate risk vendors using an external service that rates the cybersecurity posture of corporate entities using a scored analysis of cyber threats.

We are in the process of implementing an enterprise-wide third-party risk management program that expands the review of vendors and includes financial and operational screening. This new solution is designed to help ensure compliance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) supply chain risk framework that is required when supporting federal agencies.

Governance

Board's Roles and Responsibilities

Oversight for risk management and the overall enterprise risk management strategy of the Company, including cybersecurity, is the responsibility of the Board of Directors. Risks identified are monitored by the Board as a whole or the Board may delegate oversight to a specific subcommittee. Our Technology Committee, comprised of four board members possessing relevant background and experience, assists the Board of Directors in its oversight role with respect to strategy and risk management for our information systems, IT, and cybersecurity.

Table of Contents

The Technology Committee is briefed at least quarterly, on the quality and effectiveness of our cybersecurity practices and policies, information security program, and data governance and security program, along with key initiatives in these areas. The Technology Committee also periodically assesses the cybersecurity risk management strategy. This assessment includes reviews of the results of audits, testing, and metrics, including reports of third-party reviewers.

In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we have an incident response process and an escalation process in place to promptly identify, notify and brief the Board, including the Chair of the Technology Committee, outside of the regular reporting process in the event of an emerging or potentially material cybersecurity incident. The Board of Directors may choose to delegate responsibility for oversight of a particular cybersecurity matter to the Technology Committee in its discretion.

Management's Roles and Responsibilities

Our cybersecurity response is handled by our information security team and managed by our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), who reports to the Chief Financial Officer. Our CISO has over thirty years of business and technical experience in information risk, risk management, and regulatory compliance, including thirteen years in a CISO role. Our information security team manages risks by establishing policies and procedures that manage information system access appropriately. These policies and procedures are tested through internal exercises and with external assistance and supplemented by training and communication to our employees and subcontractors.

Cybersecurity threats are constantly evolving, which drives the evolution of our responses. Typical activities for our information security team include system monitoring, new hire and annual training, testing and evaluation, including "phishing" exercises, and publication of tips and best practices. The results of this testing are communicated to corporate leadership, including to the Technology Committee of the Board of Directors. Our CISO reports to the Technology Committee as requested, but no less than quarterly.

Table of Contents

Item 2. Properties

As of September 30, 2025, we leased approximately 130 offices in the U.S., totaling approximately 2.4 million square feet. In five countries outside the U.S., we leased approximately 102 offices, totaling approximately 0.3 million square feet. The lease terms vary from month-to-month to ten-year leases and are generally entered into at market rates. In the event that a property is used for our services in the U.S., we typically negotiate clauses to allow termination of the lease if the service contract is terminated by our customer. Such clauses are not standard in foreign leases.

We believe that our properties are maintained in good operating condition and are suitable and adequate for our purposes.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Refer to our disclosures included in "Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies" included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Table of Contents

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol "MMS."

Holders of Record

As of October 20, 2025, there were 30 holders of record of our outstanding common stock. The number of holders of record is not representative of the number of beneficial owners due to the fact that many shares are held by depositories, brokers, or nominees. We estimate there are approximately 151,000 beneficial owners of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

During the first fiscal quarter of fiscal year 2026, we declared a quarterly dividend of $0.30 per share of Maximus common stock. Our quarterly dividends during fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $0.30, $0.30, and $0.28 per share, respectively.

We intend to continue paying regular cash dividends, although there can be no assurance. Future cash dividends, if any, will be paid at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend, among other things, upon our future operating results, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth the information required regarding purchases of common stock that we made during the three months ended September 30, 2025.


Common Stock Repurchase Activity During the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of the Publicly Announced Plans (1)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans (in thousands)
July 1, 2025 - July 31, 2025	—	$	—	—	$	65,839
August 1, 2025 - August 31, 2025	375,898	84.05		375,898	$	34,246
September 1, 2025 - September 30, 2025	1,345,241	88.64		1,345,241	$	280,764
	1,721,139	$	87.64	1,721,139

(1)In September 2025, the Board of Directors authorized an increase to our existing stock purchase program whereby we may purchase, at management's discretion, up to $400 million of our common stock. This authorization superseded similar resolutions for purchases up to $200 million of our common stock in June 2024 and December 2024.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock for the five-year period from September 30, 2020, to September 30, 2025, with the cumulative total returns for the S&P MidCap 400 Value Index, which is utilized in outstanding market-based equity awards issued by Maximus. In addition, we compared the cumulative total shareholder return of a peer group to our common stock's performance. This peer group is based upon the companies with similar revenue by end market. This peer group is comprised of Booz Allen Hamilton Holding Corporation, CACI International Inc., Conduent, Inc., ICF International, Inc., Leidos, Inc., and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). We have also included the S&P 400 Commercial & Professional Index. This index is used in evaluating certain components of senior employee compensation.

This graph assumes the investment of $100 on September 30, 2020, in our common stock, the S&P MidCap 400 Value Index, the S&P 400 Commercial and Professional Index, and our peer group, weighted by market capitalization, and assumes dividends are reinvested.

Table of Contents

Notes:

•The lines represent index levels derived from compounded daily returns that include all dividends.

•The indexes are reweighted daily, using the market capitalization on the previous trading day.

•If the monthly interval, based on the fiscal year-end, is not a trading day, the preceding trading day is used.

•The index level for all series was set to $100.00 on September 30, 2020.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Table of Contents

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read together with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The discussion below contains management's comments on our business strategy and outlook, and such discussions contain forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements reflect the expectations, beliefs, plans, and objectives of management about future financial performance and assumptions underlying management's judgment concerning the matters discussed, and accordingly involve estimates, assumptions, judgments, and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements, and the discussion below is not necessarily indicative of future results. Factors that could cause or contribute to any differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and in "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."

A discussion of our results of operations, backlog, and liquidity and capital resources for fiscal year September 30, 2024, including comparisons to fiscal year 2023, can be found in last year's Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Overview

For an overview of our business, including our business segments and discussion of the services we provide, see Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Financial Overview

A number of factors have affected our fiscal year 2025 results, the most significant of which we have listed below. More detail on these changes is presented below within our "Results of Operations" section.

•Our business has grown organically, mostly from the expansion of our U.S. Federal Services Segment.

•During the first quarter of fiscal year 2025, we sold our businesses in Australia and Korea. This sale resulted in a loss and increased our full-year tax rate. However, this sale, and similar sales made in fiscal year 2024, have streamlined our international businesses and resulted in improved results in our Outside the U.S. Segment.

•Our operating cash flows remain strong and our overall leverage is relatively low, allowing us to make significant purchases of our own common stock.

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the fiscal years indicated, information derived from our statements of operations. In preparing our discussion and analysis of these results, we focused on the comparison between fiscal years 2025 and 2024.


Table MD&A 1: Consolidated Results of Operations
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Revenue	$	5,431,276	$	5,306,197
Cost of revenue	4,097,833		4,054,545
Gross profit	1,333,443		1,251,652
Gross profit percentage	24.6 %		23.6 %
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	713,107		671,583
Selling, general, and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue	13.1 %		12.7 %
Amortization of intangible assets	92,047		91,570

Operating income	528,289		488,499
Operating margin	9.7 %		9.2 %
Interest expense	84,080		82,440
Other (income)/expense, net	(640)		(450)
Income before income taxes	444,849		406,509
Provision for income taxes	125,815		99,595
Effective tax rate	28.3 %		24.5 %
Net income	$	319,034	$	306,914
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.56	$	5.03
Diluted	$	5.51	$	4.99

Our business segments have different factors driving revenue fluctuations and profitability. The sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail. Our revenue reflects fees earned for services provided. Cost of revenue consists of direct costs related to labor and related overhead, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent, and other direct costs. The largest component of cost of revenue, approximately two-thirds, is labor, including subcontracted labor.


Table MD&A 2: Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue, and Gross Profit for the Year Ended September 30, 2025
	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
	Dollars		% Change		Dollars		% Change		Dollars		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Fiscal year 2024	$	5,306,197			$	4,054,545			$	1,251,652
Organic growth	208,961		3.9	%	119,480		2.9	%	89,481		7.1	%
Disposal of businesses	(95,186)		(1.8)	%	(86,059)		(2.1)	%	(9,127)		(0.7)	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	11,304		0.2	%	9,867		0.2	%	1,437		0.1	%
Fiscal year 2025	$	5,431,276	2.4	%	$	4,097,833	1.1	%	$	1,333,443	6.5	%

Table of Contents

Selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses

Our SG&A expenses consist of indirect costs related to general management, marketing, and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent and rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A are primarily driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the U.S. federal government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the U.S. Federal Cost Accounting Standards.

Our SG&A expenses for fiscal year 2025 include a charge of $39.5 million related to the sale of certain of our businesses in our Outside the U.S. Segment. These charges included accumulated foreign currency losses incurred over two decades of operations, as well as indemnifications provided to the buyer. Absent this charge, SG&A was broadly consistent with fiscal year 2024.

Interest expense

Our interest expense is principally driven by our debt facility in the United States. During fiscal year 2025, delays in payments from customers resulted in additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility, resulting in higher borrowings than in the prior year. This additional cost was partially offset by lower interest rates.

Our effective interest rate was 5.37% at September 30, 2025, compared to 5.52% at September 30, 2024. We have mitigated our risk by fixing interest rates on approximately half of our debt and our near-term capital allocation plan continues to prioritize reducing our debt using our free cash flow. At our current debt balances, a 100 basis point increase in the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) would result in an increased annual interest expense of $7.0 million.

Income taxes

Our effective income tax rate for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, was 28.3% and 24.5%, respectively. Our fiscal year 2025 tax rate was negatively affected by the disposal of our businesses in Australia and Korea.

For fiscal year 2026, we expect the effective tax rate to be between 25.0% and 26.0%. On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) was signed in the United States. We do not believe the OBBBA will have a significant effect on our fiscal year 2026 tax rate but we anticipate that it could have a favorable cash flow impact in fiscal year 2026.

Table of Contents

U.S. Federal Services Segment


Table MD&A 3: U.S. Federal Services Segment - Financial Results
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	3,067,691		$	2,737,244
Cost of revenue	2,256,928			2,071,482
Gross profit	810,763			665,762
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	341,608			332,140
Operating income	469,155			333,622
Gross profit percentage	26.4		%	24.3		%
Operating margin percentage	15.3		%	12.2		%

Our revenue and cost of revenue for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, increased 12.1% and 9.0%, respectively, compared to the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. All movement was organic.

Our revenue growth was driven by our clinical programs, including medical assessments, as well as from support provided to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). We have long-standing arrangements with FEMA to provide short-term assistance for natural disasters, the extent and timing of which are difficult to predict.

Our medical assessment revenue benefitted from increased volumes, including those driven by the Honoring our Pact Act, which had necessitated a contract rebid to expand the scale of these arrangements, as well as volume increases from underlying assessment demands. Improvements in performance also reduced our share of penalties incurred, benefitting our profit margin.

Our margins received a benefit from the implementation of technology initiatives, which increased the productivity of our operations.

We anticipate operating margins for the U.S. Federal Services Segment in fiscal year 2026 to range between 15.5% and 16%.

Table of Contents

U.S. Services Segment

Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of services, such as program operations, clinical services, employment services and technology solutions and related professional services work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the programs under Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplaces, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), and child support programs.


Table MD&A 4: U.S. Services Segment - Financial Results
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	1,763,691		$	1,911,813
Cost of revenue	1,352,709			1,432,026
Gross profit	410,982			479,787
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	239,718			232,805
Operating income	171,264			246,982
Gross profit percentage	23.3		%	25.1		%
Operating margin percentage	9.7		%	12.9		%

Our revenue and cost of revenue for the year ended September 30, 2025, decreased 7.7% and 5.5%, respectively. All movement was organic.

Our fiscal year 2024 results received the benefit of higher volumes as Medicaid redetermination activities continued, resulting in benefits to our revenue and profit margins. As anticipated, our results have returned to a steady state with the conclusion of this additional work.

The OBBBA, signed into law in 2025, requires changes to the manner and funding of some of our state-based programs. Although these changes are not anticipated in fiscal year 2026, states may make changes to programs in anticipation of these changes. The nature, extent and timing of these changes is still uncertain.

We anticipate operating margins for the U.S. Services Segment in fiscal year 2026 to range between 10% and 11%.

Table of Contents

Outside the U.S. Segment

Our Outside the U.S. Segment provides business process services and other solutions for international governments. These services include health and disability assessments, program administration for employment services, wellbeing solutions and other job seeker-related services, digitally-enabled customer services, and advanced technologies for modernization. We support programs and deliver services in the United Kingdom, including the Functional Assessment Services (FAS) contract and the Restart employment program. We also provide services in Canada and the Middle East.


Table MD&A 5: Outside the U.S. Segment - Financial Results
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	(dollars in thousands)
Revenue	$	599,894		$	657,140
Cost of revenue	488,196			551,037
Gross profit	111,698			106,103
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	89,307			98,398
Operating income	22,391			7,705
Gross profit percentage	18.6		%	16.1		%
Operating margin percentage	3.7		%	1.2		%


Table MD&A 6: Outside the U.S. Segment - Changes in Revenue, Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit
	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
	Amount		% Change		Amount		% Change		Amount		% Change
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance for fiscal year 2024	$	657,140			$	551,037			$	106,103
Organic effect	26,636		4.1	%	13,351		2.4	%	13,285		12.5	%
Disposal of businesses	(95,186)		(14.5)	%	(86,059)		(15.6)	%	(9,127)		(8.6)	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	11,304		1.7	%	9,867		1.8	%	1,437		1.4	%
Balance for fiscal year 2025	$	599,894	(8.7)	%	$	488,196	(11.4)	%	$	111,698	5.3	%

We have divested a number of businesses from this segment across fiscal years 2024 and 2025. In December 2024, we completed the sale of our operations in Australia and Korea. These divestitures resulted in reduced revenues and profits, but provided a significant benefit to our segment operating margin.

Organic growth within the segment came from across the portfolio, including the FAS contract and other volume-based arrangements.

We anticipate operating margins for the Outside the U.S. Segment in fiscal year 2026 to range between 3% to 5%.

Table of Contents

Backlog

Backlog represents estimated future revenue from:

•existing signed contracts;

•contracts that have been awarded but not yet signed; and

•unexercised priced contract options.

As of September 30, 2025, we estimate that we had approximately $15.3 billion in backlog.


Table MD&A 7: Backlog by Segment
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in millions)
U.S. Federal Services	$	9,780	$	10,286
U.S. Services	3,916		3,867
Outside the U.S.	1,631		2,014
Backlog	$	15,327	$	16,167

At September 30, 2025, the average weighted remaining life of the contracts in our backlog was approximately 5.0 years, including option periods.

Increases in backlog result from the award of new contracts and the extension or renewal of existing contracts. Reductions in backlog come from fulfilling contracts or the early termination of contracts, which our experience shows to be a rare occurrence. The backlog associated with our performance-based contracts is an estimate based upon management's experience of caseloads and similar transaction volume, which is subject to revision based upon the latest information available. Additionally, backlog estimates may be affected by foreign currency fluctuations. For further discussion of the risks related to our backlog, see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, notably "We may not be able to realize the full value of our backlog."

We believe that it is difficult to predict with certainty future revenue solely based on an analysis of backlog or period-to-period comparisons. The actual timing of revenue from projects included in backlog will vary. We also may experience periods in which there is a greater concentration of rebids, resulting in a comparatively reduced backlog balance until subsequent award or extension on those contracts.

The longevity of these contracts assists management in predicting revenue, operating income, and cash flows for the purposes of business planning. Our standard forecasting process includes analyzing new work pipelines and submitted responses to requests for proposals when predicting future revenue, operating income, and cash flows.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash from operations, and availability under our revolving credit facilities. As of September 30, 2025, we had $222.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. We believe that our current cash position, access to our revolvers, and cash flow generated from operations should be not only sufficient for our operating requirements but also to enable us to fund required long-term debt repayments, dividends, and any share purchases we might choose to make. We believe we have access to sufficient funds to manage through another shutdown of the U.S. federal government. See "Note 6. Debt and Derivatives" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a more detailed discussion of our debt financing arrangements.

Table of Contents

The below table summarizes our change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash.


Table MD&A 8: Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Cash flows:
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	429,372	$	515,258
Net cash used in investing activities	(60,261)		(129,104)
Net cash used in financing activities	(343,877)		(275,646)
Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	(538)		3,164
Net change in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	24,696	$	113,672

Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $85.9 million in fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024.

The decline has been driven by movements in cash collections and tax payments.

•Our Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) at September 30, 2025 was 62 days, up from 61 days at September 30, 2024. Although we have experienced payment delays during fiscal year 2025, these have been resolved as of September 30, 2025.

•In fiscal year 2024, we had received advanced payment on a single, large U.S.-based contract. These advanced payments did not recur in fiscal year 2025.

•Our U.S. income tax payments in fiscal year 2025 were approximately $50 million higher than in the prior fiscal year, reflecting increased profitability.

Net Cash Used In Investing Activities

Our investing cash outflows were $60.3 million in fiscal year 2025, declining from $129.1 million in the prior fiscal year.

•We have been making significant investments in our capital base in fiscal years 2024 and 2025, including upgrading technology in our federal medical disability examinations (MDE) contracts. This work was largely completed in the middle of fiscal year 2025.

•Fiscal year 2024 included an investment of $18.0 million to acquire one of our established vendors.

Net Cash Used In Financing Activities

We have utilized $447.5 million in fiscal year 2025 to purchase 5.8 million shares of our common stock. These purchases were funded by our operating cash flows, as well as a $250 million expansion of our credit facility.

Cash in Foreign Locations

We have no requirement to remit funds from our foreign locations to the United States. We will continue to explore opportunities to remit additional funds, taking into consideration the working capital requirements and relevant tax rules in each jurisdiction. When we are unable to remit funds back without incurring a penalty, we will consider these funds indefinitely reinvested until such time as these restrictions are changed. As a result, we do not record U.S. deferred income taxes on any funds held in foreign jurisdictions. We have not attempted to calculate our potential liability from any transfer of these funds, as any such transaction might include tax planning strategies that we have not fully explored. Accordingly, it is not possible to estimate the potential tax obligations if we were to remit all of our funds from foreign locations to the United States.

Table of Contents

Free Cash Flow (Non-GAAP)


Table MD&A 9: Free Cash Flow (Non-GAAP)
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	429,372	$	515,258
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(63,213)		(114,190)
Free cash flow (Non-GAAP)	$	366,159	$	401,068

Material Cash Requirements from Contractual Obligations

Credit Facilities

Our principal debt agreement is with JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (the "Credit Agreement"). At September 30, 2025, we owed $1.35 billion under the Credit Agreement, with access to an additional $750.0 million through a revolving credit facility. Mandatory repayments are required under this agreement through May 2031, when the agreement ends, and must be renegotiated or the funds repaid.

We have included the following table showing our debt balances as of September 30, 2025, and their effective interest rates.


Table MD&A 10: Debt Balances and Interest Rates as of September 30, 2025
	September 30, 2025
	Carrying value		Effective cash interest rate		Interest rate basis
	(dollars in thousands)
Term Loan A - Hedged through May 2026	$	500,000	3.81	%	Fixed rate of 2.31% plus margin. (1)
Term Loan A - Unhedged	353,125		5.66	%	Term SOFR reset monthly plus margin. (1)
Term Loan B - Hedged through September 2026	75,000		5.72	%	Fixed Rate of 3.72% plus 2% margin.
Term Loan B - Hedged through September 2027	75,000		5.62	%	Fixed Rate of 3.62% plus 2% margin.
Term Loan B - Unhedged	343,750		6.16	%	Term SOFR reset monthly plus 2% margin.


Debt Principal	$	1,346,875

(1) The applicable margin for Term Loan A ranges from 1% to 2%, depending on our leverage ratio as determined based on our most recently filed financial statements. As of September 30, 2025, the applicable margin was 1.5%.

Our effective cash interest rate reflects the drivers of our cash interest payments as of September 30, 2025, which can change based upon the reset of the rates. Including the amortization of the upfront payments, our effective interest rate as of September 30, 2025 was 5.37%.

Table of Contents

The Credit Agreement contains a number of covenants. Failure to meet these requirements would result in a need to renegotiate the agreement, seek a waiver, or require us to repay our outstanding debt in full. There are two financial covenants, both defined in the Credit Agreement:

•Our Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio means, for any twelve-month period, the ratio of our Funded Debt (as defined by the Credit Agreement), offset by up to $150 million of unrestricted cash (Consolidated Net Total Leverage), against our Consolidated EBITDA (as defined by the Credit Agreement). To comply with our Credit Agreement, this ratio cannot exceed 4.00:1.00 at the end of each quarter, with a step up to 4.50:1.00 under certain circumstances. This ratio also determines both our interest rate and the charge we pay on the unused component of our revolving credit facility, with the charge increasing as the Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio increases.

•Our Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratio means, for any twelve-month period, the ratio of our Consolidated EBITDA against our Consolidated Net Interest Expense, as defined by the Credit Agreement. To comply with our Credit Agreement, this ratio cannot be less than 3.00:1.00 at the end of each quarter.

Consolidated EBITDA also drives certain permissions within the Credit Agreement, such as the level of investment we are entitled to make without seeking additional approval from our lenders.

Our Credit Agreement defines Consolidated EBITDA, as well as other components of the calculations above. The definition of Consolidated EBITDA requires us to include adjustments not typically included within EBITDA, including unusual, non-recurring expenses, certain non-cash adjustments, the pro forma effects of acquisitions and disposals, and estimated synergies from acquisitions. As a result, Consolidated EBITDA as defined by the Credit Agreement may not be comparable to EBITDA or related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

We have summarized below the components of our two financial ratio calculations, including the components of Consolidated EBITDA as defined by the Credit Agreement which are included within our financial statements. At September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants of our Credit Agreement. We do not believe that these covenants represent a significant restriction on our ability to operate our business or to pay our dividends.

Table of Contents


Table MD&A 11: Reconciliation of Net Income to Consolidated EBITDA as defined by our Credit Agreement
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	319,034	$	306,914
Adjustments:
Interest expense	84,080		82,440
Other (income)/expense, net	(640)		(450)
Provision for income taxes	125,815		99,595
Amortization of intangibles	92,047		91,570
Stock compensation expense	41,182		35,349
Acquisition-related expenses	427		3,218

Loss on sale of businesses	39,549		1,018
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software	41,669		33,957
Pro forma and other adjustments permitted by our Credit Agreement	50,832		72,172
Consolidated EBITDA (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	$	793,995	$	725,783


Table MD&A 12: Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands, except ratio data)
Funded Debt (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	$	1,346,875	$	1,145,819
Cash and cash equivalents up to $150 million	150,000		150,000
Consolidated Net Total Leverage (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	$	1,196,875	$	995,819

Consolidated Net Total Leverage Ratio (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	1.51		1.37


Table MD&A 13: Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratio
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands, except ratio data)
Consolidated EBITDA (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	$	793,995	$	725,783

Interest expense	84,080		82,440
Components of other income/expense, net allowed in ratio calculation	1,748		2,533
Consolidated Net Interest Expense (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	$	85,828	$	84,973

Consolidated Net Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined by our Credit Agreement)	9.25		8.54

Leases

As of September 30, 2025, we reported current and long-term operating lease liabilities of $38.6 million and $71.3 million, respectively. These balances represent our contractual obligation to make future payments on our leases, discounted to reflect our cost of borrowing. The majority of these leases are for real estate. In the event that we vacate a location, we may be obligated to continue making lease payments. Where possible, we mitigate this risk by including clauses allowing for the termination of lease agreements if the contract the location covers is terminated by our customer. See "Note 10. Leases" to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding our leases, including obligations by fiscal year.

Table of Contents

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported. We consider the accounting policies below to be the most important to our financial position and results of operations either because of the significance of the financial statement item or because of the need to use significant judgment in recording the balance. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in "Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies" of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Revenue Recognition

Although much of our revenue is recognized concurrently with billing or with the passage of time, some of our revenue requires us to make estimates. These estimates are reviewed quarterly, with any changes being recorded as a cumulative catch-up.

Certain performance-based contracts include variable consideration in the form of penalties and incentives, based on our performance under the terms of the contract. The calculation of these penalties and incentives requires the evaluation of both objective and subjective criteria, which may require the use of estimates.

Within our employment services business in our Outside the U.S. segment, some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based on future milestones defined in each contract. This requires us to make estimates about the attainment of the milestones.

We estimate the total variable consideration we will receive using the expected value method. We recognize the revenue over the expected period of performance. At each reporting period, we update our estimates of the variable fees to represent the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period. We are required to constrain our estimates to the extent that it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. We do not have a history of significant constraints on these contracts.

Business Combinations and Goodwill

Our balance sheet as of September 30, 2025, includes $1.78 billion of goodwill and $538.3 million of net intangible assets. These assets are typically obtained through business acquisitions, and their acquisition and maintenance requires certain critical estimates.

•During an acquisition, we are required to estimate the fair value of all acquired tangible and intangible assets, as well as liabilities assumed, in order to allocate the purchase price. For many assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the calculation of fair value requires little judgment as balances may be readily convertible to cash receipts or cash payments, or there may be an active market against which to measure value. For the valuation of intangible assets, significant judgment is necessary in identifying and valuing such assets. This valuation will also involve identifying the useful economic life of this asset. Our estimates of these fair values and useful economic lives are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable and, where appropriate, include assistance from third-party appraisal firms.

•The excess purchase price over the identified net assets is considered to be goodwill. Goodwill is recorded at the reporting unit level. The identification of our reporting units requires judgment based on the manner in which our business is operated and the services performed. Our reporting units are consistent with our segments. Where we have acquisitions that provide services to more than one segment or where the acquisition provides benefits across all of our segments, we use judgment to allocate the goodwill balance based on the relative value we anticipate that each segment will realize.

•Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. This process requires judgment in assessing the fair value of these reporting units. We performed the annual impairment test using the qualitative assessment as of July 1, 2025, and concluded it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units was less than the carrying amounts.

Table of Contents

Contingencies

From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, including contract and employment claims, in the ordinary course of business. We assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes to these contingencies, as well as potential ranges of probable losses, and establish reserves accordingly. The amount of reserves required may change in future periods due to new developments or changes in approach to a matter, such as a change in settlement strategy.

We are also subject to audits by our government clients on many of our contracts based upon measures such as costs incurred or transactions processed. These audits may take place several years after a contract has been completed. We maintain reserves where we believe a loss is probable and are able to estimate any potential liability that is updated as audits are completed.

Non-GAAP and Other Measures

We utilize non-GAAP measures where we believe it will assist users of our financial statements in understanding our business. The presentation of these measures is meant to complement, but not replace, other financial measures in this document. The presentation of non-GAAP numbers is not meant to be considered in isolation, nor as an alternative to revenue growth, net cash provided by operating activities, operating income, net income, or earnings per share as measures of performance or liquidity. These non-GAAP measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

In fiscal year 2025, 11% of our revenue was generated outside the U.S. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of our foreign operations using a methodology that excludes the effect of year-over-year exchange rate fluctuations. To calculate year-over-year currency movement, we determine the current fiscal year's results for all foreign businesses using the exchange rates in the prior fiscal year.

In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions and divestitures. We believe users of our financial statements wish to evaluate the performance of our operations, excluding changes that have arisen due to businesses acquired or disposed of. We identify acquired revenue and cost of revenue by showing these results for periods for which no comparative results exist within our financial statements. We identify revenue and cost of revenue that has been disposed of in a similar manner. This information is supplemented by our calculations of organic growth. To calculate organic growth, we compare current fiscal year results, excluding transactions from acquisitions or disposals, to our prior fiscal year results.

Our previous acquisitions have resulted in significant intangible assets, which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We believe users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of the business by using a methodology that excludes the amortization of our intangible assets. During fiscal years 2025 and 2024, we also incurred losses on sales of businesses. We believe that providing supplemental measures that exclude the impact of the items detailed below is useful to investors in evaluating our core operations and results in relation to past periods. Accordingly, we have calculated our net income and diluted earnings per share, excluding the effect of the amortization of intangible assets and divestiture-related charges. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA, as calculated by us, is also a useful measure of performance that focuses on the cash generating capacity of the business as it excludes the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software, amortization of intangible assets, and divestiture-related charges. We believe that these non-GAAP measures assist investors in making comparisons between the operating performance of companies with different capital structures by excluding interest expense and therefore, the impacts of financing costs. As disclosed above, Adjusted EBITDA is calculated in a different manner from Consolidated EBITDA, as defined by our Credit Agreement.

We have included a table showing our reconciliation of these income measures to their corresponding GAAP measures.

Table of Contents


Table MD&A 14: Non-GAAP Adjusted Results - Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Net Income, and Diluted Earnings per Share
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025			2024
	(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Operating income	$	528,289		$	488,499
Add back: Amortization of intangible assets	92,047			91,570
Add back: Divestiture-related charges	39,549			1,018



Add back: Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment, and capitalized software	41,669			33,957
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)	$	701,554		$	615,044
Adjusted EBITDA margin (Non-GAAP)	12.9		%	11.6		%

Net income	$	319,034		$	306,914
Add back: Amortization of intangible assets, net of tax	67,839			67,481
Add back: Divestiture-related charges	39,549			1,018
Adjusted net income excluding amortization of intangible assets and divestiture-related charges (Non-GAAP)	$	426,422		$	375,413

Diluted earnings per share	$	5.51		$	4.99
Add back: Effect of amortization of intangible assets on diluted earnings per share	1.17			1.10
Add back: Effect of divestiture-related charges on diluted earnings per share	0.68			0.02
Adjusted diluted earnings per share excluding amortization of intangible assets and divestiture-related charges (Non-GAAP)	$	7.36		$	6.11

In order to sustain our cash flows from operations, we regularly refresh our fixed assets and technology. We believe that users of our financial statements want to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations using a methodology that combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. We provide free cash flow to complement our statement of cash flows. Free cash flow shows the effects of our operations and replacement capital expenditures and excludes the cash flow effects of acquisitions, purchases of our common stock, dividend payments, and other financing transactions. We have provided a reconciliation of cash flows from operations to free cash flow in "Liquidity and Capital Resources."

To sustain our operations, our principal source of financing comes from receiving payments from our customers. We believe that users of our financial statements want to evaluate our efficiency in converting revenue into cash receipts. Accordingly, we provide DSO, which we calculate by dividing billed and unbilled receivable balances at the end of each quarter by revenue per day for the quarter. Revenue per day for a quarter is determined by dividing total revenue by 91 days.

Table of Contents

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and counterparty risk. We do not enter into financial instruments for trading purposes.

Foreign Currency Risk

As of September 30, 2025, we held net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar of $266.8 million. Of this balance, we had net monetary assets of $132.9 million and cash and cash equivalents of $49.6 million. We consider monetary assets to be those which hold a fair value close to their book value and which represent a recent cash outflow or which will become a cash inflow or outflow within a short period of time. These assets and liabilities are typically cash, billed, billable, and unbilled accounts receivable, current prepaid expenses, operating lease right-of-use assets, accounts payable, accrued compensation, deferred revenue, lease liabilities, and debt.

A hypothetical 10% favorable or unfavorable exchange rate movement across currencies would have the following incremental effects on our comprehensive income and our cash flow statement.


Table 7A.1: Exposure to Currency Risk
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Change in comprehensive income attributable to Maximus	$	26,681	$	25,252
Change in net monetary assets	$	13,293	$	9,922
Change in cash and cash equivalents	$	4,959	$	5,610

Where practical, we mitigate our foreign currency risks. Our operations typically incur costs and cash outflows in the same currency as their revenue.

Interest Rate Risk

Our principal exposure to interest rates relates to our debt. At September 30, 2025, we owed a gross balance of $1.35 billion associated with debt in the United States and in foreign locations.

Our principal debt agreement incurs interest based upon a fixed rate, applicable spread, and a market rate. The market rate is based on SOFR. A rise in interest rates would increase our interest expense, and a reduction in interest rates would decrease our interest expense. We mitigate this risk through interest rate swaps. At September 30, 2025, $650.0 million of our debt-carrying value was hedged with fixed interest rate swaps.

We based the following sensitivity calculation on the SOFR rate of 4.2% in accordance with the most recent measurement date specified in our Credit Agreement. Including the effect of our interest rate swaps, a hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would have the following impact on our net income:


Table 7A.2: Exposure to Interest Rate Risk
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
100 basis point increase impact on net income	$	(6,969)	$	(4,958)
100 basis point decrease impact on net income	$	6,969	$	4,958

Counterparty Risk

We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to our derivative instrument. Our counterparty has investment-grade credit ratings; accordingly, we anticipate that the counterparty will be able to fully satisfy their obligations under the contracts. Our agreement outlines the conditions upon which we or the counterparty are required to post collateral. As of September 30, 2025, we had no collateral posted with our counterparty related to the derivatives.

Table of Contents

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Maximus, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Maximus, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of September 30, 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2025, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated November 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Sufficiency of audit evidence over performance-based contract revenue

As described in Notes 2 and 4 of the consolidated financial statements, revenue from the Company’s performance-based contracts is derived principally from transaction-based fees based upon volumes of contract-specific services delivered. The Company’s process for measuring and recording performance-based contract revenue uses a number of discrete, customized Information Technology (IT) systems.

We identified the evaluation of the sufficiency of audit evidence over performance-based contract revenue as a critical audit matter. Complex and challenging auditor judgment was required to audit performance-based contract revenue due to the number of IT systems involved in the process and the extent of audit effort required to identify, test, and evaluate the Company's IT systems, software applications, and automated controls.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We applied auditor judgment to determine the nature and extent of procedures to be performed over the processing and recording of performance-based contract revenue, including the IT systems tested. We performed a number of risk assessment procedures to evaluate the composition of transaction volumes measured using each IT system to

Table of Contents

determine the relevant IT systems over which to perform audit procedures in order to obtain sufficient audit evidence over performance-based contract revenue. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the Company’s performance-based revenue process.

For the IT systems that we determined to be relevant, we involved IT professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

•testing the design and operating effectiveness of general IT controls over each of the relevant IT systems, including user access controls, change management controls, and IT operations controls.

•where relevant, evaluating the service organization’s System and Organization Controls (SOC) Type 1 report and testing the design and operating effectiveness of relevant complimentary user entity controls.

•where relevant, testing the design and operating effectiveness of system interface controls and automated controls, as well as the controls designed to ensure accuracy and completeness of the revenue.

To test performance-based revenue, we performed a software-assisted data analysis to test relationships among certain revenue transactions. For certain transactions identified through this process, we compared the amounts recognized for consistency with underlying documentation, including contracts with customers and cash receipts. Additionally, for the same transactions, we recalculated the amount of revenue recognized in the period based on the terms of the arrangement and the satisfaction of the underlying performance obligations.

We evaluated the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained over performance-based contract revenue by assessing the results of procedures performed, including appropriateness of the nature and extent of such evidence.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

McLean, Virginia

November 20, 2025

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Maximus, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Maximus, Inc. (the Company) as of September 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended September 30, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at September 30, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended September 30, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 1996 to 2024.

Tysons, Virginia

November 21, 2024

Table of Contents

Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations


	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue	$	5,431,276	$	5,306,197	$	4,904,728
Cost of revenue	4,097,833		4,054,545		3,876,120
Gross profit	1,333,443		1,251,652		1,028,608
Selling, general, and administrative expenses	713,107		671,583		639,223
Amortization of intangible assets	92,047		91,570		94,591

Operating income	528,289		488,499		294,794
Interest expense	84,080		82,440		84,138
Other (income)/expense, net	(640)		(450)		363
Income before income taxes	444,849		406,509		210,293
Provision for income taxes	125,815		99,595		48,501
Net income	$	319,034	$	306,914	$	161,792

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	5.56	$	5.03	$	2.65
Diluted	$	5.51	$	4.99	$	2.63
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	57,413		61,049		61,125
Diluted	57,921		61,484		61,450

Dividends declared per share	$	1.20	$	1.20	$	1.12

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income


	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	319,034	$	306,914	$	161,792
Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	18,519		11,259		6,625
Net losses on cash flow hedge, net of tax benefit of $(1,401), $(5,745), and $(103), respectively	(3,926)		(16,104)		(279)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)	14,593		(4,845)		6,346
Comprehensive income	$	333,627	$	302,069	$	168,138

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets


	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	222,351	$	183,123
Accounts receivable, net	898,095		879,514
Income taxes receivable	3,904		5,282
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	128,574		132,625
Total current assets	1,252,924		1,200,544
Property and equipment, net	30,972		38,977
Capitalized software, net	214,260		187,677
Operating lease right-of-use assets	100,514		133,594
Goodwill	1,782,095		1,782,871
Intangible assets, net	538,266		630,569
Deferred contract costs, net	63,332		59,432
Deferred compensation plan assets	63,272		55,913
Deferred income taxes	11,491		14,801
Other assets	12,513		27,130
Total assets	$	4,069,639	$	4,131,508
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	296,888	$	303,321
Accrued compensation and benefits	236,948		237,121
Deferred revenue, current portion	53,784		83,238
Income taxes payable	17,321		26,535
Long-term debt, current portion	52,680		40,139
Operating lease liabilities, current portion	38,605		47,656
Other current liabilities	68,937		69,519
Total current liabilities	765,163		807,529
Deferred revenue, non-current portion	43,757		45,077
Deferred income taxes	149,020		169,118
Long-term debt, non-current portion	1,281,593		1,091,954
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, non-current portion	62,145		57,599
Operating lease liabilities, non-current portion	71,289		97,221
Other liabilities	22,637		20,195
Total liabilities	2,395,604		2,288,693
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 54,805 and 60,352 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively	628,118		598,304
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(17,867)		(32,460)
Retained earnings	1,063,784		1,276,971
Total shareholders' equity	1,674,035		1,842,815
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	4,069,639	$	4,131,508

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	319,034	$	306,914	$	161,792
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and capitalized software	41,669		33,957		54,725
Amortization of intangible assets	92,047		91,570		94,591
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount	2,782		3,534		2,837

Deferred income taxes	(16,716)		(36,022)		1,552
Stock compensation expense	41,182		35,349		29,522
Divestiture-related charges	39,549		1,018		883
Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects of business combinations and disposals:
Accounts receivable	(31,852)		(50,562)		(23,401)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(13,804)		10,565		859
Deferred contract costs	(2,117)		(13,155)		2,688
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(7,492)		18,267		17,729
Accrued compensation and benefits	12,225		38,247		12,650
Deferred revenue	(29,990)		28,534		(12,123)
Income taxes	(7,508)		32,305		(16,958)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities	(1,937)		(1,906)		(2,035)

Other assets and liabilities	(7,700)		16,643		(10,971)
Net cash provided by operating activities	429,372		515,258		314,340
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software	(63,213)		(114,190)		(90,695)
Asset acquisition	—		(17,999)		—
Proceeds from divestitures	5,117		3,085		9,732


Other	(2,165)		—		—
Net cash used in investing activities	(60,261)		(129,104)		(80,963)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to Maximus shareholders	(68,710)		(72,901)		(68,073)
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(447,482)		(73,069)		—
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(16,451)		(13,455)		(8,475)
Payments for contingent consideration	—		(10,977)		(9,431)
Payments for debt financing costs	(1,658)		(9,724)		—
Proceeds from borrowings	1,499,000		1,100,166		844,299
Principal payments for debt	(1,297,639)		(1,212,202)		(952,974)
Other	(10,937)		16,516		(56,144)
Net cash used in financing activities	(343,877)		(275,646)		(250,798)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(538)		3,164		2,717
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	24,696		113,672		(14,704)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	235,763		122,091		136,795
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	260,459	$	235,763	$	122,091

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Maximus, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity


	Common Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Retained Earnings		Total Equity
	Shares	Amount
	(in thousands)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	60,774	$	557,978	$	(33,961)	$	1,025,354	$	1,549,371
Net income	—	—		—		161,792		161,792
Foreign currency translation	—	—		6,625		—		6,625
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(279)		—		(279)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(68,073)		(68,073)
Dividends on RSUs	—	1,521		—		(1,521)		—

Stock compensation expense	—	29,522		—		—		29,522
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	—	(11,123)		—		—		(11,123)
RSUs vested	224	—		—		—		—
Balance at September 30, 2023	60,998	577,898		(27,615)		1,117,552		1,667,835
Net income	—	—		—		306,914		306,914
Foreign currency translation	—	—		11,259		—		11,259
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(16,104)		—		(16,104)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(72,901)		(72,901)
Dividends on RSUs	—	1,525		—		(1,525)		—
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(876)	—		—		(73,069)		(73,069)
Stock compensation expense	—	35,349		—		—		35,349
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	—	(16,468)		—		—		(16,468)
RSUs vested	230	—		—		—		—
Balance as of September 30, 2024	60,352	598,304		(32,460)		1,276,971		1,842,815
Net income	—	—		—		319,034		319,034
Foreign currency translation	—	—		18,519		—		18,519
Cash flow hedge, net of tax	—	—		(3,926)		—		(3,926)
Cash dividends	—	—		—		(68,710)		(68,710)
Dividends on RSUs	—	1,639		—		(1,639)		—
Purchases of Maximus common stock	(5,781)	—		—		(461,872)		(461,872)
Stock compensation expense	—	41,182		—		—		41,182
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	—	(13,007)		—		—		(13,007)
RSUs vested	234	—		—		—		—
Balance as of September 30, 2025	54,805	$	628,118	$	(17,867)	$	1,063,784	$	1,674,035

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Maximus, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1. ORGANIZATION

Maximus, a Virginia corporation established in 1975 and celebrating its 50th anniversary this year, is a leading provider of tech-enabled services to government agencies. By moving people, technology, and government forward, Maximus helps improve the delivery of public services for more than 100 million American citizens amid complex technological, health, economic, and social challenges. As a trusted and accountable partner to primarily U.S. federal and state customers, we proudly design, develop, and deliver innovative and efficient programs that improve government’s effectiveness in serving its citizens.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements, including the notes, include our accounts and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Our fiscal year ends on September 30 and unless otherwise noted, references to fiscal year or fiscal years are for fiscal years ended September 30. The accompanying consolidated financial statements present our financial position as of September 30, 2025, and 2024 and our results of operations for fiscal years 2025, 2024, and 2023.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. At each reporting period end, we make estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of long-lived assets, and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities, and contingencies and litigation.

Our balance sheet includes a number of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, capitalized software, operating lease right-of-use assets, deferred contract costs, and intangible assets. These assets are depreciated or amortized over their estimated useful economic lives but are subject to impairment if events indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

As disclosed in "Note 4. Revenue Recognition," certain performance-based contracts include variable consideration in the form of penalties and incentives, based upon our performance under the terms of the contract. The calculation of these penalties and incentives requires the evaluation of both objective and subjective criteria, which may require the use of estimates.

Within our employment services business in our Outside the US segment, some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future milestones defined in each contract. This requires us to make estimates about the attainment of the milestones.

We are required to evaluate our long-lived assets used in operations when events and circumstances indicate that the valuation of the assets exceeds their fair value.

At September 30, 2025, our capitalized software balance includes $40.9 million related to technology for new services within our U.S. Services Segment. If circumstances change, we may be required to adjust the value or asset life of these assets.

Table of Contents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Restricted cash represents funds that are held in our bank accounts but which are precluded from use for general business needs through contractual requirements. These requirements typically include serving as collateral bonds and letters of credit or where we hold funds on behalf of clients. We report our restricted cash balances within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on our balance sheet.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. We account for a contract when the parties approve the contract and are committed to perform on it, the rights of each party and the payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and it is probable that we will collect substantially all of the consideration. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service, or a series of distinct goods or services, to a customer. The transaction price of a contract must be allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as the performance obligation is satisfied.

Although our services may have many components, these components are not necessarily distinct performance obligations as they may be interdependent on or interrelated to each other. Where our contracts contain more than one performance obligation, we allocate the contract's transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each component. This method will vary from contract to contract. Where available, we utilize standalone selling prices of similar components. If this information is unavailable, we utilize a suitable metric to allocate selling price, such as costs incurred.

In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customer that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services. This continuous transfer of control is supported by the unilateral right of many of our customers to terminate contracts for convenience, without having to provide justification for this decision. Where we are reimbursed on a cost-plus basis, we recognize revenue based upon our costs incurred to date; where we are reimbursed on a fixed price basis, we recognize revenue based upon an appropriate output measure that may be time elapsed or another measure within the contract. When we have variable fees, such as revenue related to the volume of work or award fees, we allocate that revenue to the distinct periods of service to which they relate. In estimating our variable fees, we are required to constrain our estimates to the amount for which it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved.

Contract modifications are reviewed to determine whether they should be accounted for as part of the original performance obligation or as a separate contract. Where the modification changes the scope or price and the additional performance obligations are at their standalone selling price, these services are considered a separate contract. Where there is a modification, and the additional performance obligations are not at their standalone selling price, we consider whether those performance obligations are distinct from those already delivered. If services are distinct from those already provided, the contract is accounted for prospectively, as though the original contract had been terminated and a new arrangement entered into. Where the modification includes goods or services that are not distinct from those already provided, we record a cumulative adjustment to revenue based upon a remeasurement of progress towards the complete satisfaction of performance obligations not yet fully delivered.

Table of Contents

Accounts Receivable-Billed, Billable, and Unbilled and Deferred Revenue

Billed receivables are balances where an invoice has been prepared and issued and is collectible under standard contract terms. Many of our clients require invoices to be prepared on a monthly basis. When we anticipate that an invoice will be issued within a short period of time and the funds are considered collectible within standard contract terms, we include this balance as billable accounts receivable.

Both billed and billable balances are recorded at their face amount less an allowance for credit losses over the contractual payment terms of the receivable. We periodically reassess these amounts by analyzing reasonably available information as of the balance sheet date, including the length of time that the receivable has been outstanding, historical bad debts and aging trends, and other general and contract-specific factors.

We present billed, billable, and unbilled receivables as one component on our consolidated balance sheets. Our deferred revenue is presented as a separate item on our consolidated balance sheets. Unbilled receivables and deferred revenue represent timing differences between when amounts are billed or billable and when revenue has been recognized or has occurred as of period end. The timing of these billings is generally driven by the contractual terms, which may have billing milestones that are different from revenue recognition milestones. Our unbilled receivables balance includes retainage balances, where customers may hold back payment for work performed for a period of time to allow opportunities to evaluate the quality of our performance. The balance also includes estimated fees where performance outcomes are anticipated but have not yet been achieved. Our unbilled receivable balance is recorded at the value that we expect to invoice for the services performed once the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met.

We defer revenue where we receive up-front funds to establish the infrastructure needed for a long-term contract.

Credit Risk

Credit risk has not historically been significant to our business due to the nature of our customers. Approximately 55% of our revenue is from the U.S. federal government, and much of our Outside the U.S. segment is from national governments. Many of our U.S. state government agency programs receive significant federal funding. We believe that the credit risk associated with our receivables is limited due to the creditworthiness of our customers.

Business Combinations and Goodwill

The purchase price of an acquired business is allocated to tangible assets, separately identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their respective fair values. Any excess balance is recorded as goodwill. Costs incurred directly related to an acquisition, including legal, accounting, and valuation services, are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business one level below that operating segment (the component level) if discrete financial information is prepared and reviewed regularly by segment management. However, components are aggregated if they have similar economic characteristics. We have the option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If we conclude that such an impairment is not more likely than not in all cases, no additional quantitative analysis is required. If such an impairment is more likely than not, or if we choose to bypass this qualitative assessment, a quantitative evaluation is performed by comparing the fair value of the relevant reporting unit to the carrying value, including goodwill, of the reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, the goodwill of the reporting unit is determined to be impaired.

Our reporting units are consistent with our operating segments, U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. We perform our annual impairment test as of July 1 of each year. We performed the annual impairment test using the qualitative assessment as of July 1, 2025, and concluded it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units was less than the carrying amounts.

Table of Contents

Intangible Assets

Our intangible assets are generally acquired through business combinations. They are separately identified and recorded at fair value upon acquisition.

We use judgment in identifying, valuing, and assigning a useful economic life to assets as they are acquired. The judgments required vary with the type of asset but may include projections of future results, estimated costs to recreate or replace assets, the cost of utilizing other, similar assets provided by a third party, and an appropriate cost of capital. Where appropriate, we utilize the services of a third-party specialist to assist us in these valuations. We amortize our intangible assets over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. We believe this reflects the manner in which the value from our customer relationships, technology, and other assets is realized by the business.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is recorded over the assets' respective useful economic lives using the straight-line method, which are not to exceed seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized Software

All of our capitalized software represents development costs for software that is intended for our internal use. Direct costs of time and materials incurred for the development of application software for internal use are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of up to ten years. Costs incurred for upgrades and enhancements that do not result in additional functionality are expensed as incurred.

Deferred Contract Costs

Deferred contract costs consist of contractually recoverable costs to fulfill services related to long-term service contracts. These costs include direct and incremental costs incurred prior to the commencement of providing service to our customer. These costs are expensed over the period the services are provided using the straight-line method.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured by applying enacted tax rates and laws for the taxable years in which those differences are expected to reverse. In addition, a valuation allowance is recorded if it is believed that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be fully realized.

We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would "more likely than not" sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the "more likely than not" threshold, the amount recognized in the financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.

Foreign Currency

For all foreign operations, the functional currency is the local currency. The assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into U.S. Dollars at period-end exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates for the year. The resulting cumulative translation adjustment is included in accumulated other comprehensive loss on our consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in "other (income)/expense, net" on our consolidated statements of operations.

Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. Where claims are reasonably possible, we disclose a potential liability.

Table of Contents

Fair Value Measurements

U.S. GAAP provides a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value, and requires certain disclosures relating to fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants.

The three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value, is as follows:

•Level 1 - Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access;

•Level 2 - Inputs, other than the quoted market prices included in Level 1, which are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which is typically based on an entity's own assumptions when there is little, if any, related market data available.

We evaluate assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring and non-recurring basis to determine the appropriate level to classify them for each reporting period. This determination requires significant assumptions.

Leases

We enter into contractual arrangements for the use of real estate facilities. These arrangements contain a lease when we control the underlying asset and have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits or outputs from the asset. Where contracts include both lease and non-lease components, we do not separate the non-lease components in our accounting. The majority of our leases are operating leases.

At the inception of a lease, we recognize a liability for future minimum lease payments based upon the present value of those payments.

•In identifying our future minimum lease payments, we do not include variable lease costs, such as those for maintenance or utilities. These are recorded as lease expenses in the period in which they are incurred.

•In identifying future lease payments, we do not include short-term leases, identified as those with an initial term of twelve months or less.

•Lease options are included within our lease liability only where it is reasonably certain that we will utilize those periods of the lease and incur the related costs.

•In calculating the fair value of our lease liability, we utilize an estimate of our collateralized incremental borrowing rate. This estimate is based upon publicly available information adjusted for company, country, and lease-specific factors. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate utilized as of September 30, 2025, was 6.0%.

Over the course of a lease, the lease liability is reduced as scheduled lease payments are made and increased as the implied interest charges are added.

Our right-of-use asset is based upon the lease liability at the contract inception but is adjusted over the life of the lease by lease prepayments, additional costs, or lease incentives. The right-of-use asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, offset by the interest accretion recorded on the lease liability.

Lease expense is recorded within our consolidated statements of operations based upon the nature of the assets. Where assets are used to directly serve our customers, such as facilities dedicated to customer contracts, lease costs are recorded in "cost of revenue." Facilities and assets that serve management and support functions are expensed through "selling, general, and administrative expenses."

Stock Compensation Plan

We grant both restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs) to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Board of Directors and our shareholders.

Table of Contents

The fair value of each RSU is equal to the market price of our common stock at the date of the grant, which is expensed ratably over the vesting period. The RSUs granted vest ratably over one to four years, in each case from the grant date. All individuals who are granted RSUs also receive dividend-equivalent payments in the form of additional RSUs. However, until the shares are issued, they have no voting rights and may not be bought or sold. In the event that an award is forfeited, the dividend-equivalent payments received by the holder with respect to that award are also forfeited. We account for stock award forfeitures as they occur.

We issue PSUs with targets based upon profit metrics. These PSUs vest in full at the end of a three-year performance period. The fair value of each award is based upon the market price of the common stock on the day of the grant, and expense is recorded based upon our estimate of how much of the award will vest over the three years of the award.

We issue PSUs with a target based upon total shareholder return. These PSUs vest in full after three years. The fair value of each award is based upon an assessment performed at the grant date and is expensed over the life of the award regardless of whether the targets are reached.

Certain executive awards include a retirement provision whereby such awards fully vest upon an employee's retirement. We recognize total compensation expense of the awards for eligible participants ratably over the shorter of the vesting period or the employees' retirement eligibility date.

Derivative Instruments

We use interest rate swap contracts to manage our exposure to the variability of the interest payments on long-term debt. We have elected to designate these derivative instruments as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income and is reclassified to earnings, through interest expense, when the underlying forecasted transaction affects earnings. Cash flows from derivative instruments are included in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. We assess the effectiveness of the hedges on a quarterly basis.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). This ASU aims to improve disclosures over our segments, including disclosure of significant expense categories within segments, which are regularly provided to our Chief Executive Officer, as well as disclosing how segment measures of profit are used by our Chief Executive Officer. We have adopted this standard in September 2025.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This ASU aims to enhance the transparency and usefulness of income tax disclosures. In particular, it will supplement detail over our income tax rate reconciliation and our annual tax payments. We will adopt this standard during our 2026 fiscal year. We are assessing the effect of this ASU on our financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE), which requires us to provide enhanced disaggregation of income statement expenses. We have evaluated the requirements of the DISE standard and determined that adoption will result in expanded disclosure of expense categories within our consolidated statements of operations and segment results. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026. We will continue to monitor guidance and implementation practices related to DISE and will update our disclosures as necessary.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. The ASU requires companies to start capitalizing eligible software costs when management has authorized and committed to funding the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted and may be applied using a prospective, retrospective or modified transition approach. We are assessing the effect of this ASU on our financial statements.

Table of Contents

3. BUSINESS SEGMENTS

We conduct our operations through three business segments: U.S. Federal Services, U.S. Services, and Outside the U.S. Our operating segments represent the manner in which our Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who is our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), reviews our financial results. Our CEO assesses the performance of and allocates resources to each operating segment using information about the operating segment's revenue, gross profit, and segment income (loss) from operations. Our CEO does not evaluate operating segments using asset or liability information.

U.S. Federal Services

U.S. Services

Our U.S. Services Segment provides a variety of services, such as program operations, clinical services, employment services and technology solutions and related professional services work for U.S. state and local government programs. These services support a variety of programs, including the programs under Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplaces, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), and child support programs.

Outside the U.S.

Table of Contents


Table 3.1: Results of Operation by Business Segment
	For the Year Ended September 30, 2025
(dollars in thousands)	U.S. Federal Services		% (1 )		U.S. Services		% (1 )		Outside the U.S.		% (1 )		Total
Revenue	$	3,067,691			$	1,763,691			$	599,894			$	5,431,276
Cost of revenue	2,256,928		73.6	%	1,352,709		76.7	%	488,196		81.4	%	4,097,833
Gross profit	810,763		26.4	%	410,982		23.3	%	111,698		18.6	%	1,333,443
Other segment items (2)	341,608		11.1	%	239,718		13.6	%	89,307		14.9	%	670,633
Segment operating income	$	469,155	15.3	%	$	171,264	9.7	%	$	22,391	3.7	%	662,810
Divestiture-related charges (3)													(39,549)
Other (4)													(2,925)
Amortization of intangible assets													(92,047)
Operating income													$	528,289

Depreciation and amortization:	$	17,146	0.6	%	$	17,295	1.0	%	$	7,228	1.2	%	$	41,669

	For the Year Ended September 30, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	U.S. Federal Services		% (1 )		U.S. Services		% (1 )		Outside the U.S.		% (1 )		Total
Revenue	$	2,737,244			$	1,911,813			$	657,140			$	5,306,197
Cost of revenue	2,071,482		75.7	%	1,432,026		74.9	%	551,037		83.9	%	4,054,545
Gross profit	665,762		24.3	%	479,787		25.1	%	106,103		16.1	%	1,251,652
Other segment items (2)	332,140		12.1	%	232,805		12.2	%	98,398		15.0	%	663,343
Segment operating income	$	333,622	12.2	%	$	246,982	12.9	%	$	7,705	1.2	%	588,309
Divestiture-related charges (3)													(1,018)
Other (4)													(7,222)
Amortization of intangible assets													(91,570)
Operating income													$	488,499

Depreciation and amortization:	$	10,503	0.4	%	$	16,079	0.8	%	$	7,375	1.1	%	$	33,957

	For the Year Ended September 30, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	U.S. Federal Services		% (1 )		U.S. Services		% (1 )		Outside the U.S.		% (1 )		Total
Revenue	$	2,403,606			$	1,812,069			$	689,053			$	4,904,728
Cost of revenue	1,845,720		76.8	%	1,434,528		79.2	%	595,872		86.5	%	3,876,120
Gross profit	557,886		23.2	%	377,541		20.8	%	93,181		13.5	%	1,028,608
Other segment items (2)	308,197		12.8	%	194,991		10.8	%	102,311		14.8	%	605,499
Segment operating income/(loss)	$	249,689	10.4	%	$	182,550	10.1	%	$	(9,130)	(1.3)	%	423,109
Divestiture-related charges (3)													(3,751)
Other (4)													(29,973)
Amortization of intangible assets													(94,591)
Operating income													$	294,794

Depreciation and amortization:	$	18,336	0.8	%	$	22,674	1.3	%	$	13,715	2.0	%	$	54,725

Table of Contents

(1)Percentage of respective segment revenue.

(2)Other segment items are principally selling, general, and administrative expenses allocated to segments.

(3)During fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, we sold a number of businesses in our Outside the U.S. Segment. Refer to "Note 7. Acquisitions and Divestitures" for more details.

(4)Other includes credits and costs that are not allocated to a particular segment. For the fiscal years 2025, 2024 and 2023, these charges include $3.0 million, $2.9 million, and $29.3 million, respectively, related to the costs of a previously disclosed cybersecurity incident. Other charges include direct costs of acquisitions. These costs are excluded from measuring each segment's operating performance.

Our long-lived assets consist of property and equipment, capitalized software costs, operating lease right-of-use assets, and deferred compensation plan assets.


Table 3.2: Long-Lived Assets by Geography
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
United States	$	386,668	$	383,989
Outside the US	22,350		32,172
Total	$	409,018	$	416,161

4. REVENUE RECOGNITION

We recognize revenue as, or when, we satisfy performance obligations under a contract. The majority of our contracts have performance obligations that are satisfied over time. In most cases, we view our performance obligations as promises to transfer a series of distinct services to our customers that are substantially the same and which have the same pattern of service. We recognize revenue over the performance period as a customer receives the benefits of our services.

Disaggregation of Revenue

In addition to our segment reporting, we disaggregate our revenues by service, contract type, customer type, and geography.


Table 4.1: Revenue by Service Type
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		%		2024		%		2023		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Program Operations	$	2,650,764	48.8	%	$	2,570,494	48.4	%	$	2,500,678	51.0	%
Clinical Services	2,100,943		38.7	%	1,891,292		35.6	%	1,486,040		30.3	%
Employment & Other	354,835		6.5	%	469,304		8.8	%	520,981		10.6	%
Technology Solutions	324,734		6.0	%	375,107		7.1	%	397,029		8.1	%
Total revenue	$	5,431,276			$	5,306,197			$	4,904,728

Table of Contents


Table 4.2: Revenue by Contract Type
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		%		2024		%		2023		%
	(dollars in thousands)
Performance-based	$	2,954,395	54.4	%	$	2,939,536	55.4	%	$	2,425,597	49.5	%
Cost-plus	1,316,646		24.2	%	1,247,202		23.5	%	1,238,574		25.3	%
Fixed price	712,878		13.1	%	686,555		12.9	%	717,167		14.6	%
Time and materials	447,357		8.2	%	432,904		8.2	%	523,390		10.7	%
Total revenue	$	5,431,276			$	5,306,197			$	4,904,728


Table 4.3: Revenue by Customer Type
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		%		2024		%		2023		%
	(dollars in thousands)
New York state government agencies	$	610,755	11.2	%	$	647,349	12.2	%	$	525,051	10.7	%
Other U.S. state government agencies	1,153,928		21.2	%	1,255,181		23.7	%	1,275,763		26.0	%
Total U.S. state government agencies	1,764,683				1,902,530				1,800,814
U.S. federal government agencies	2,995,821		55.2	%	2,674,014		50.4	%	2,344,863		47.8	%
International government agencies	590,798		10.9	%	642,222		12.1	%	663,044		13.5	%
Other, including local municipalities and commercial customers	79,974		1.5	%	87,431		1.6	%	96,007		2.0	%
Total revenue	$	5,431,276			$	5,306,197			$	4,904,728

Contract balances

Differences in timing between revenue recognition and cash collection result in contract assets and contract liabilities. We classify these assets as accounts receivable — billed and billable and unbilled receivables; the liabilities are classified as deferred revenue.

In many contracts, we bill our customers on a monthly basis shortly after the month end for work performed in that month, and such balances are considered collectible and are included within accounts receivable, net.

Exceptions to this pattern will arise for various reasons, including those listed below.

•Under cost-plus contracts, we are typically required to estimate a contract's share of our general and administrative expenses. This share is based upon estimates of total costs, which may vary over time. We typically invoice our customers at an agreed provisional billing rate which may differ from actual rates incurred. If our actual rates are higher than the provisional billing rates, an asset is recorded for this variance; if the provisional billing rates are higher than our actual rates, we record a liability.

•Certain contracts include retainage balances, whereby revenue is earned, but some portion of cash payments are held back by the customer for a period of time, typically to allow the customer to confirm the objective criteria laid out by the contract have been met. This balance is classified as accounts receivable - unbilled until restrictions on billing are lifted. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, $24.1 million and $31.9 million, respectively, of our unbilled receivables related to amounts pursuant to contractual retainage provisions.

•In certain contracts, we may receive funds from our customers prior to performing operations. These funds are typically referred to as "set-up costs" and reflect the need for us to make investments in infrastructure prior to providing a service. This investment in infrastructure is not a performance obligation that is distinct from the service that is subsequently provided and, as a result, revenue is not recognized based upon the establishment of this infrastructure but rather over the course of the contractual relationship. The funds are initially recorded as deferred revenue and recognized over the term of the contract. Other contracts may not include set-up fees but will provide higher fees in earlier periods of the contract. The premium on these fees is deferred.

Table of Contents

•Some of our contracts, notably our employment services contracts in the Outside the U.S. Segment, include payments for desired outcomes, such as job placement and job retention, and these outcome payments occur over several months. We are required to estimate these outcome fees ahead of their realization and recognize this estimated fee over the period of delivery.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, we recognized revenue of $67.7 million included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2024. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, we recognized revenue of $57.6 million included in our deferred revenue balances at September 30, 2023.

Contract estimates

We are required to use estimates in recognizing revenue from some of our contracts.

Certain performance-based contracts include variable consideration in the form of penalties and incentives, based upon our performance under the terms of the contract. The calculation of these penalties and incentives requires the evaluation of both objective and subjective criteria, which may require the use of estimates.

Within our employment services business in our Outside the U.S. segment, some of our performance-based contract revenue is recognized based upon future milestones defined in each contract. This requires us to make estimates about the attainment of the milestones.

We estimate the total variable consideration we will receive using the expected value method. We recognize the revenue over the expected period of performance. At each reporting period, we update our estimates of the variable fees to represent the circumstances present at the end of the reporting period. We include variable consideration in our estimates to the extent it is probable that a subsequent change in the estimate will not result in a significant reversal of cumulative revenue when the uncertainty is resolved. We do not have a history of significant constraints on these contracts.


Table 4.4: Effect of Changes in Contract Estimates
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Increase in/(reduction of) revenue recognized due to changes in contract estimates	$	11,424	$	(12,617)	$	(13,346)
Increase in/(reduction of) diluted earnings per share recognized due to changes in contract estimates	$	0.15	$	(0.15)	$	(0.16)

Remaining performance obligations

As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $330 million of remaining performance obligations. We anticipate that we will recognize revenue on approximately 57% of this balance within the next 12 months. This balance excludes contracts with an original duration of twelve months or less, including contracts with a penalty-free termination for convenience clause and any variable consideration that is allocated entirely to future performance obligations, including variable transaction fees or fees tied directly to costs incurred.

5. EARNINGS PER SHARE


Table 5: Weighted Average Number of Shares - Earnings Per Share
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025	2024	2023
	(in thousands)
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	57,413	61,049	61,125
Dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and PSUs	508	435	325
Denominator for diluted earnings per share	57,921	61,484	61,450

The diluted earnings per share calculation for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023 excludes approximately 256,000, 74,000, and 231,000 unvested anti-dilutive restricted stock units, respectively.

Table of Contents

6. DEBT AND DERIVATIVES

Our principal debt agreement is with J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (the Credit Agreement). It is available for general corporate purposes, including the funding of working capital, capital expenditures and business acquisitions. The Credit Agreement has three components.

•A Term Loan A facility (the TLA), which matures on May 30, 2029. Interest rates on this facility are variable, based upon a combination of a Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) and a margin based on our leverage, varying between 1.0% and 2.0%.

•A Term Loan B facility (the TLB), which matures on May 30, 2031. The interest rates are based upon SOFR, subject to a floor of 0.5%, plus a fixed 2.0% margin.

•A revolving credit facility (the Revolver), which enables us to borrow or utilize up to $750.0 million. The interest on this facility is generally based upon the same rates as those used for the TLA. In addition, we are charged a commitment fee between 0.125% and 0.30% on unused funds, which is based upon our leverage. Commitment fees are recorded as interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.

In addition to the Credit Agreement, we hold revolving credit facilities in Canada and the United Kingdom. These facilities are intended to allow our businesses to meet any short-term working capital needs.


Table 6.1: Details of Debt
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Term Loan A (TLA)	$	853,125	$	641,875
Term Loan B (TLB)	493,750		498,750

Subsidiary loan agreements	—		5,194
Total debt principal	1,346,875		1,145,819
Less: Unamortized debt-issuance costs and discounts	(12,602)		(13,726)
Total debt	1,334,273		1,132,093
Less: Current portion of long-term debt	(52,680)		(40,139)
Long-term debt	$	1,281,593	$	1,091,954

As a result of the divestiture of the our Australian operations in fiscal year 2025, the subsidiary loan agreement totaling $5.2 million as of September 30, 2024 was extinguished, and we are no longer subject to the associated borrowing agreements or covenants.

In addition to the borrowings above, our Credit Agreement has issued letters of credit totalling $3.0 million as of both September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Our credit agreements require us to comply with a number of covenants, including leverage and interest coverage ratios. At September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants. We do not believe that the covenants represent a significant restriction on our ability to successfully operate the business or to pay dividends.

The Credit Agreement is, subject to customary exceptions, secured by substantially all of our assets and all of the assets of our wholly owned material domestic subsidiaries, and guaranteed by each of our wholly owned material domestic subsidiaries.

Costs incurred in establishing the Credit Agreement were recorded as a reduction to the gross debt balance and will be amortized over the respective lives of the arrangements. Costs incurred in amending the Credit Agreement were deferred or expensed depending upon the nature of the costs. All costs deferred as of the date of an amendment are amortized prospectively over the new lives of the amended arrangements.

Table of Contents


Table 6.2: Details of Future Minimum Principal Payments Due
	Amount Due
	(in thousands)
Year ended September 30, 2026	$	55,625
Year ended September 30, 2027	72,500
Year ended September 30, 2028	78,125
Year ended September 30, 2029	666,875
Year ended September 30, 2030	5,000
Thereafter	468,750
Total Payments	$	1,346,875

Interest Rate Derivative Instruments

We utilize interest rate swaps that are designed to reduce our risk from changes in interest rates, which we have designated as cash flow hedges. The following table presents our interest rate swaps:


Table 6.3: Interest Rate Derivative Instruments
As of September 30, 2025
Debt Principal Hedged	Notional Amount		Fixed Interest Rate		Effective	Expiry
	(in thousands)
Term Loan A	$	500,000	2.31	%	Present	May 2026
Term Loan B	$	75,000	3.72	%	Present	September 2026
Term Loan B	$	75,000	3.62	%	Present	September 2027
Term Loan A	$	150,000	3.14	%	June 2026	September 2027
Term Loan A	$	150,000	3.28	%	June 2026	September 2028

In addition to the arrangements above, we had an arrangement for a notional amount of $150 million, which hedged a SOFR component of our TLA to a fixed amount of 4.38%. This arrangement expired in September 2024. We also had an arrangement for a notional amount of $75 million, which hedged a SOFR component of our TLB to a fixed amount of 4.09%. This arrangement expired in September 2025.

Our effective interest rate as of September 30, 2025 was 5.37%.

At September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, we had assets of $5.5 million and $12.6 million, respectively, related to these interest rate swaps. At September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, we had liabilities of $1.7 million and $3.4 million, respectively, related to these interest rate swaps. These instruments were recorded as "other assets" and "other liabilities" within our consolidated balance sheets. As these instruments are considered effective cash flow hedges, gains and losses based upon interest rate fluctuations are recorded within "accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI)" within our consolidated financial statements.


Table 6.4: Gains/(Losses) on Derivatives
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Gain/(loss) recognized in AOCI on derivatives, net of tax	$	4,561	$	(3,681)	$	8,558
Amounts reclassified to earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income	(8,487)		(12,423)		(8,837)
Net current period other comprehensive loss	$	(3,926)	$	(16,104)	$	(279)

Table of Contents

Counterparty Risk

We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to our derivative instrument. Our counterparty has investment-grade credit ratings; accordingly, we anticipate that the counterparty will be able to fully satisfy its obligations under the contracts. Our agreements outline the conditions upon which we or the counterparty are required to post collateral. As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, there was no collateral posted with our counterparty related to the derivatives.

7. ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTITURES

IT vendor acquisition

On February 14, 2024, we acquired part of a vendor who has performed IT services for us over several years for cash consideration of $18.0 million. Almost all of the consideration was allocated directly to the most significant asset, the assembled workforce. The value of this asset will be amortized over eight years. This asset is anticipated to provide support across all three of our operating segments.

Divestitures

We have sold a number of components of our Outside the U.S. Segment:

In November 2023, we sold our businesses in Italy and Singapore, as well as our employment services business in Canada, recording a loss on sale of $1.0 million. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023, we recorded an impairment charge of $2.9 million related to these assets.

In March 2023, we sold our commercial practice in the United Kingdom, resulting in a pre-tax loss of $0.6 million. The cash consideration had a fair value of $16.0 million, to be received in installments. At September 30, 2025, we have installments remaining of $1.9 million.

In March 2023, we sold our Swedish subsidiary for cash consideration of $0.4 million, resulting in a small loss.

In December 2024, we sold our businesses in Australia and Korea for a nominal sum. The sale agreement includes up to $5.0 million of contingent consideration based upon future performance. As of September 30, 2025, we have not recorded any potential contingent consideration. Our divestiture-related charges of $39.5 million included approximately $21.3 million of previously unrealized foreign exchange losses, which we had recorded through other comprehensive income. We also provided an indemnification to the buyer, the fair value of which we estimate to be $11.3 million. No tax benefit is anticipated from this transaction.

Table of Contents

8. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS


Table 8.1: Changes in Goodwill by Segment
	U.S. Federal Services		U.S. Services		Outside the U.S.		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	1,559,863	$	164,472	$	54,880	$	1,779,215
Divestitures	—		—		(364)		(364)
Foreign currency translation	—		—		4,020		4,020
Balance as of September 30, 2024	1,559,863		164,472		58,536		1,782,871

Foreign currency translation	—		—		(776)		(776)
Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	1,559,863	$	164,472	$	57,760	$	1,782,095

There were no impairment charges to our goodwill for the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023.


Table 8.2: Details of Intangible Assets, Net
	As of September 30,
	2025						2024
	Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Intangible Assets, Net		Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Intangible Assets, Net
	(in thousands)
Customer contracts and relationships	$	869,638	$	382,107	$	487,531	$	870,810	$	309,067	$	561,743
VES Provider network	57,000		20,583		36,417		57,000		15,833		41,167
Technology-based intangible assets	31,502		31,502		—		31,586		20,786		10,800
Assembled workforce	17,851		3,533		14,318		18,185		1,326		16,859
Trademarks and trade names	4,460		4,460		—		4,474		4,474		—
Total	$	980,451	$	442,185	$	538,266	$	982,055	$	351,486	$	630,569


Table 8.3: Details of Weighted Average Remaining Lives
			As of September 30, 2025
Customer contracts and relationships			7.0 years
VES Provider network			7.7 years

Assembled workforce			6.4 years

Weighted Average Remaining Life			7.1 years


Table 8.4: Details of Estimated Future Amortization Expense of Intangible Assets, Net
	As of September 30, 2025
	(in thousands)
Year ended September 30, 2026	$	81,220
Year ended September 30, 2027	81,220
Year ended September 30, 2028	81,220
Year ended September 30, 2029	71,259
Year ended September 30, 2030	67,586
Thereafter	155,761
Total	$	538,266

Table of Contents

9. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

•We hold mutual fund assets within a Rabbi Trust to cover liabilities in our deferred compensation plan. These assets have prices quoted within active markets and, accordingly, are classified as level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

•We have interest rate swap agreements to manage our interest rate exposure. These agreements can be valued using observable data and, accordingly, are classified as level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

•In connection with the businesses sold in Australia and Korea, we indemnified the buyer related to certain potential losses, which are recorded at fair value, based on an assessment of probability-weighted outcomes. Accordingly, these inputs are not observable and are classified as level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. Changes in the fair value of the indemnification liability are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

The tables below present assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis and their corresponding level within the fair value hierarchy. No transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 fair value measurements occurred for the year ended September 30, 2025.


Table 9.1: Fair Value Measurements
	As of September 30, 2025
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Balance
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Deferred compensation assets - Rabbi Trust	$	40,595	$	—	$	—	$	40,595
Interest rate swaps - $450 million notional value	—		5,545		—		5,545
Total assets	$	40,595	$	5,545	$	—	$	46,140
Liabilities:
Interest rate swaps - $500 million notional value	$	—	$	1,693	$	—	$	1,693
Indemnification liabilities	—		—		11,342		11,342
Total liabilities	$	—	$	1,693	$	11,342	$	13,035

The fair values of receivables, prepaid assets, other assets, accounts payable, accrued costs, and other current liabilities approximate the carrying values as a result of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of our debt is consistent with the fair value as the stated interest rates in the agreements are consistent with the current market rates used in notes with similar terms in the markets (Level 2 inputs).

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss are related to our foreign currency translations and interest rate swaps, net of tax. The following table shows changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Amounts reclassified from other comprehensive income were recorded within our selling, general, and administrative expenses (for foreign currency translation adjustments) and within interest expense (for gains on derivatives).

Table of Contents


Table 9.2: Details of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss by Category
	Foreign currency translation adjustment		Net unrealized gain on derivatives, net of tax		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	(57,109)	$	23,148	$	(33,961)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications	6,509		8,558		15,067
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)	116		(8,837)		(8,721)
Net current period other comprehensive income/(loss)	6,625		(279)		6,346
Balance as of September 30, 2023	(50,484)		22,869		(27,615)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications	11,126		(3,681)		7,445
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)	133		(12,423)		(12,290)
Net current period other comprehensive income/(loss)	11,259		(16,104)		(4,845)
Balance as of September 30, 2024	(39,225)		6,765		(32,460)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications	(2,753)		4,561		1,808
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)	21,272		(8,487)		12,785
Net current period other comprehensive income/(loss)	18,519		(3,926)		14,593
Balance as of September 30, 2025	$	(20,706)	$	2,839	$	(17,867)

The foreign currency translation adjustment reflects a cumulative difference between the value of our earnings in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar between the time they were recorded and the date of the financial statements. As of September 30, 2025, the balance included approximately $12.6 million of translation differences related to the British Pound, and $7.6 million related to the Canadian Dollar.

Other assets

Other long-lived assets are reviewed when events indicate they may no longer be able to recover their value. Assets that we cease using or which do not appear able to generate sufficient future cash flows to support their values are reviewed and, where necessary, their value is written down. In this instance, the expense is reported in the same place where future expenses were anticipated to be recorded. All the non-recurring fair values are considered Level 3 fair value measurements, as the inputs are not observable and based on internal assumptions. For the year ended September 30, 2023, we recorded impairment charges of $9.5 million. These impairment charges were on our long-lived assets within our U.S. Services and Outside the U.S. Services Segments and related to assets on underperforming contracts. During the years ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, we recorded no impairment charges.

Table of Contents

10. LEASES


Table 10.1: Details of Lease Costs
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Operating lease cost	$	56,104	$	69,071	$	76,630
Short-term lease cost	4,165		8,699		7,729
Variable lease cost	13,872		11,057		12,417
Total operating lease costs	$	74,141	$	88,827	$	96,776


Table 10.2: Future Minimum Lease Payments Under Non-cancelable Operating Leases
	Amount Due
	(in thousands)
Year ended September 30, 2026	$	44,043
Year ended September 30, 2027	36,628
Year ended September 30, 2028	26,382
Year ended September 30, 2029	8,663
Year ended September 30, 2030	3,016
Thereafter	2,033
Total minimum lease payments	120,765
Less: Imputed interest	(10,871)
Total lease liabilities	$	109,894

Our weighted average remaining lease term as of September 30, 2025, is 3.1 years.

For the years ended September 30, 2025, September 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, we made cash payments of $64.5 million, $75.3 million, and $77.6 million for amounts included in our lease liabilities, respectively. New or amended leases resulted in additional right-of-use assets of $29.6 million, $27.7 million, and $109.4 million for the same periods, respectively.

11. INCOME TAXES


Table 11.1: Components of Provision for Income Taxes
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Current provision/(benefit):
Federal	$	96,446	$	82,875	$	34,033
State and local	31,245		26,951		12,332
Foreign	14,840		25,791		584
Total current provision for income taxes	142,531		135,617		46,949
Deferred tax expense/(benefit):
Federal	(11,499)		(16,347)		(1,495)
State and local	(3,861)		(5,447)		(673)
Foreign	(1,356)		(14,228)		3,720
Total deferred tax expense/(benefit)	(16,716)		(36,022)		1,552
Provision for income taxes	$	125,815	$	99,595	$	48,501

Table of Contents


Table 11.2: Components of Income before Provision for Income Taxes by Jurisdiction
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Domestic	$	438,863	$	377,594	$	198,115
Foreign	5,986		28,915		12,178
Income before provision for income taxes	$	444,849	$	406,509	$	210,293


Table 11.3: Reconciliation of Tax Expense at Statutory Rate to Actual Tax Expense
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025				2024				2023
	Amount		(1)		Amount		(1)		Amount		(1)
	(dollars in thousands)
Tax expense at statutory rate	$	93,418	21.0	%	$	85,367	21.0	%	$	44,162	21.0	%
Increase/(decrease) due to:
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	24,203		5.4	%	21,582		5.3	%	11,501		5.5	%
Foreign taxation rate differentials	80		—	%	875		0.2	%	(590)		(0.3)	%
Non-deductible expenses	4,147		0.9	%	2,444		0.6	%	2,889		1.4	%
Global intangible low taxed income	750		0.2	%	1,257		0.3	%	2,274		1.1	%
Valuation allowance - foreign jurisdictions	—		—	%	734		0.2	%	2,010		1.0	%
Tax credits	(6,384)		(1.4)	%	(8,997)		(2.2)	%	(6,645)		(3.2)	%
Divestiture-related charges	8,379		1.9	%	—		—	%	—		—	%
Excess tax expense/(benefits) from stock-based compensation	(1,546)		(0.3)	%	(1,656)		(0.4)	%	(1,399)		(0.7)	%
Other	2,768		0.6	%	(2,011)		(0.5)	%	(5,701)		(2.7)	%
Income tax expense	$	125,815	28.3	%	$	99,595	24.5	%	$	48,501	23.1	%

(1)Percentage of income before provision for income taxes.


Table 11.4: Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets/(liabilities):
Costs deductible in future periods	$	44,686	$	42,856
Deferred revenue	11,756		10,459
Stock compensation	10,363		7,482
Capital loss carryforward	204		7,872
Net operating loss carryforwards	8,128		35,492
Amortization of goodwill and intangibles	(176,438)		(183,406)
Capitalized software	(19,820)		(23,661)
Accounts receivable - unbilled	—		(4,731)
Property and equipment	28		1,286
Prepaid expenses	(13,946)		(11,696)
Financial instruments	(1,013)		(2,413)
Valuation allowance	(967)		(31,956)
Other	(510)		(1,901)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(137,529)	$	(154,317)

Table of Contents

Our deferred tax assets and liabilities are held in various national and international jurisdictions and therefore may not be offset. Accordingly, our presentation of deferred taxes on our consolidated balance sheets is split between jurisdictions that show a net deferred tax asset and a net deferred tax liability.


Table 11.5: Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities By Jurisdiction Positions
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax assets	$	11,491	$	14,801
Total of tax jurisdictions with net deferred tax liabilities	(149,020)		(169,118)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(137,529)	$	(154,317)

We consider our foreign earnings in excess of the earnings subject to the one-time transition tax to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. in accordance with the relevant accounting guidance for income taxes. Accordingly, no U.S. deferred taxes were recorded with respect to such earnings. As of September 30, 2025, our foreign subsidiaries held approximately $49.6 million of cash and cash equivalents in either U.S. Dollars or local currencies.

The provision for income taxes includes all provision to return adjustments included in the year recognized in the financial statements.

We account for uncertain tax positions by recognizing the financial statement effects of a tax position only when, based upon the technical merits, it is "more likely than not" that the position will be sustained upon examination. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect our annual effective income tax rate was $5.0 million and $3.4 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We report interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. We recognize and present uncertain tax positions on a gross basis (i.e., without regard to likely offsets for deferred tax assets, deductions, and/or credits that would result from payment of uncertain tax amounts).


Table 11.6: Reconciliation of the Beginning and Ending Amounts of Potential Tax Benefits
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of year	$	10,892	$	6,233	$	8,676

Decreases for lapse of statute of limitations	(300)		—		(2,051)
Decreases for settlements with taxing authorities	—		—		(692)
Increases for tax positions taken in current year	500		1,100		300
Increases for tax positions taken in prior year	4,841		6,148		—
Decreases for tax positions taken in prior year	(33)		(2,589)		—
Balance at end of year	$	15,900	$	10,892	$	6,233

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. We are no longer subject to federal income tax examinations for years before 2022 and to state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2020. In international jurisdictions, similar rules apply to filed income tax returns, although the tax examination limitations and requirements may vary. We are no longer subject to audit by tax authorities for foreign jurisdictions for years prior to 2021.

Table of Contents

12. EQUITY

Stock Compensation

We grant restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs) to eligible participants under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, which was approved by our Board of Directors and shareholders. As of September 30, 2025, approximately 1.9 million shares of Maximus stock were reserved for future issuance under this plan. We issue new shares to satisfy our obligations.

The RSUs granted to employees typically vest ratably over three or four years, with a small number which cliff vest over three years. The RSUs granted to directors cliff vest after one year from date of grant. The expense is recorded ratably over the same period, or the employee service period if that is shorter, and is based upon the fair value of the award on grant date. Expenses are recorded consistent with employee salary costs, with the majority of the cost recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.

The PSUs granted to employees vest at the end of a three-year performance period. Vesting is subject to the achievement of certain performance and market conditions, and the number of PSUs earned could vary from 0% to 200% of the number of PSUs awarded. The value of performance-based awards are calculated at grant date based upon the value of each individual award; these awards are expensed over the three year period based upon our expectation of the number of PSUs which will ultimately vest. The value of the market-based awards is calculated at grant date based upon a Monte Carlo model; unforfeited awards are expensed over three years regardless of the performance of the share price.


Table 12.1: Restricted Stock Units & Performance Stock Units
	Restricted Stock Units	Performance Stock Units	Total	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested outstanding units as of September 30, 2024	435,597	268,025	703,622	$	79.66
Granted	435,986	248,979	684,965	76.36
Vested	(304,008)	(163,321)	(467,329)	74.30
Forfeited	(52,350)	(8,171)	(60,521)	77.56
Non-vested outstanding units as of September 30, 2025	515,225	345,512	860,737	$	80.10

The weighted-average grant-date fair value for awards issued in the years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, was $82.61 and $70.38, respectively.

In addition to the non-vested shares, certain directors and employees held approximately 292,000 vested but not issued awards as of September 30, 2025. These vested unissued units are included in outstanding shares for basic and diluted earnings per share but are not reported as issued and outstanding in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity.

For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we recognized share-based compensation expenses of $41.2 million, $35.3 million, and $29.5 million, respectively. The income tax benefit recorded on these charges for the same years was $12.4 million, $11.0 million, and $8.1 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, there was $47.4 million of total estimated unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested awards. This cost is expected to be recognized over four years, with an average life of 1.1 years. The total fair value of awards vested during the years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, was $42.3 million, $39.6 million, and $29.8 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, the intrinsic value of awards expected to vest was $84.6 million. Our future share-based compensation expense and the future vesting of awards will be affected by factors including Company performance, share price, and award forfeitures.

Stock Repurchase Programs

In September 2025, our Board of Directors authorized an increase to our existing stock purchase program that allows us to purchase, at management's discretion, up to $400 million of our common stock; this resolution superseded similar resolutions for purchases up to $200 million authorized in December 2024 and June 2024. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we purchased 5.8 million and 0.9 million of our common shares at a cost of $456.6 million and $73.1 million, respectively. We made no purchases during fiscal year 2023. As of September 30, 2025, $280.8 million remained available for future stock purchases. Subsequent to year-end, we have acquired a further 0.4 million shares at a cost of $30.7 million.

Table of Contents

13. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH


Table 13.1: Details of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	222,351	$	183,123
Restricted cash	38,108		52,640
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	260,459	$	235,763

Restricted cash is recorded within "Prepaid expenses and other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.


Table 13.2: Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Interest payments	$	82,562	$	78,955	$	81,098
Income tax payments	$	149,937	$	99,686	$	61,050

14. OTHER ITEMS

Accounts Receivable, Net


Table 14.1: Details of Accounts Receivable, Net
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Billed and billable receivables	$	720,495	$	734,817
Unbilled receivables	187,372		149,488
Allowance for credit losses	(9,772)		(4,791)
Accounts receivable, net	$	898,095	$	879,514


Table 14.2: Changes in Allowance for Credit Losses
	For the Year Ended September 30,
	2025		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	4,791	$	3,719	$	8,273
Provision for estimated credit losses	8,980		12,761		7,097
Write-offs, net of recoveries	(3,999)		(11,689)		(11,651)
Balance at end of period	$	9,772	$	4,791	$	3,719

We have a Receivables Purchase Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank N.A., under which we may sell certain U.S.-originated accounts receivable balances up to a maximum amount of $250.0 million at any given time. In return for these sales, we receive a cash payment equal to the face value of the receivables less a financing charge.

We account for these transfers as sales. We have no retained interest in the transferred receivables other than administrative responsibilities, and Wells Fargo has no recourse for any credit risk. We estimate that the implicit servicing fees for an arrangement of this size and type would be immaterial.

Table of Contents

For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023 the value of accounts receivables transferred to Wells Fargo and derecognized from our balance sheet was $732.1 million, $334.3 million, and $450.4 million respectively. In exchange for these sales, we received cash of $727.7 million, $332.2 million, and $447.7 million for the same periods, respectively. The difference, representing a loss on sale from these transfers, is included within our selling, general, and administrative expenses. We have recorded these transactions within our operating cash flows.

Property and Equipment, Net


Table 14.3: Details of Property and Equipment, Net
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)

Office furniture and equipment	$	108,920	$	123,027
Leasehold improvements	65,944		78,894
Property and equipment, at cost	174,864		201,921
Accumulated depreciation	(143,892)		(162,944)
Property and equipment, net	$	30,972	$	38,977

Depreciation expense for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, was $19.5 million, $19.2 million, and $28.4 million, respectively. This expense was recorded within "cost of revenue" and "selling, general, and administrative expenses" on our consolidated statements of operations.

Capitalized Software Costs, Net

Capitalized software is recorded at cost and includes purchased, internally-developed, and externally-developed software used in our operations. Amortization expense is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the software.

A summary of activities related to capitalized software costs is shown below:


Table 14.4: Details of Capitalized Software, Net
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Capitalized software	$	339,141	$	290,426
Accumulated amortization	(124,881)		(102,749)
Capitalized software, net	$	214,260	$	187,677

Amortization expense related to capitalized software for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $22.2 million, $14.8 million, and $26.3 million, respectively. Amortization of capitalized software costs are recorded within our "cost of revenue" and "selling, general, and administrative expenses" on our consolidated statements of operations.

Deferred Contract Costs, Net

A summary of activities related to deferred contract costs is shown below:


Table 14.5: Details of Deferred Contracts Costs, Net
	As of September 30,
	2025		2024
	(in thousands)
Deferred contract costs	$	100,771	$	94,253
Accumulated amortization	(37,439)		(34,821)
Deferred contract costs, net	$	63,332	$	59,432

Table of Contents

Amortization expense related to deferred contract costs for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $12.1 million, $9.8 million, and $12.7 million, respectively. These amounts were recorded within our "cost of revenue" on our consolidated statements of operations.

15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation

We are subject to audits, investigations, and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of federal, state, local, and foreign governments. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension, or debarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by federal, state, local, and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations, and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business, which include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes, and charges before administrative agencies. Except for the matters described below for which we cannot predict the outcome, we do not believe the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

We evaluate developments in our litigation matters and establish or make adjustments to our accruals as appropriate. A liability is accrued if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. If the risk of loss is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated, or the risk of loss is only reasonably possible, a potential liability will be disclosed but not accrued, if material. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the outcome of litigation, our estimates and assessments may prove to be incomplete or inaccurate and could be impacted by unanticipated events and circumstances, adverse outcomes, or other future determinations.

MOVEit Cybersecurity Incident Litigation

As previously disclosed, on May 31, 2023, Progress Software Corporation, the developer of MOVEit, a file transfer application used by many organizations to transfer data, announced a critical zero-day vulnerability in the application that allowed unauthorized third parties to access its customers’ MOVEit environments. Maximus uses MOVEit for internal and external file sharing purposes, including to share data with government customers related to Maximus's services in support of certain government programs. Based on our review of the impacted files to date, we have provided notices to individuals whose personal information, including social security numbers, protected health information, and/or other personal information, may have been included in the impacted files.

On August 1, 2023, a purported class action was filed against Maximus Federal Services, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Maximus, Inc.) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia arising out of the MOVEit cybersecurity incident – Bishop v. Maximus Federal Services, Case No. 1:23-cv-01019 (U.S. Dist. Ct. E. D. VA). The plaintiff, who purports to represent a nationwide class of individuals, alleges, among other things, that our negligence resulted in the compromise of the plaintiff’s personally identifiable information and protected health information. The plaintiff seeks damages to be proved at trial. Since then, thirteen similar cases have been filed in federal courts across the country (inclusive of one case filed in state court and removed to federal court by us).

On October 4, 2023, the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation granted a Motion to Transfer creating a Multidistrict Litigation (MDL) in the District of Massachusetts for all cases related to the MOVEit cybersecurity incident. Each of the actions pending in federal courts are centralized in the MDL.

On December 12, 2024, the Court granted in part Defendants' omnibus motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), challenging Plaintiffs’ standing to bring this suit, dismissing claims brought by four of the Plaintiffs in the MOVEit MDL. None of the dismissed claims were asserted against the us.

The Court has also named us as a bellwether defendant in the MDL. We and the other bellwether defendants submitted motions to dismiss the pending actions pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), which the Court granted in part and denied in part on July 31, 2025. Approximately half of the claims asserted against us remain, and we are proceeding to discovery regarding those claims.

Separately, there is currently an individual action pending against us in Florida state court. On September 6, 2023, an individual action related to the MOVEit incident was filed in state court in the Florida Circuit Court for the 7th Judicial Circuit, Volusia County: Taylor v. Maximus Federal Services, Case No. 2023-12349 (Fla. Cir. Ct., 7th Jud. Cir., Volusia Cnty.). The plaintiff alleges, among other things, that our negligence resulted in the compromise of the plaintiff’s personally

Table of Contents

identifiable information and protected health information. The plaintiff seeks damages to be proved at trial. On April 3, 2024, the Court stayed this action pending further developments in the MOVEit MDL. This case remains stayed.

While we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of any of the remaining proceedings, we have accrued an amount within a range of possible outcomes expected to be incurred to resolve the matters.

Census Project – Civil Investigation Demand (“CID”)

In 2021, Maximus received a CID from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) pursuant to the False Claims Act seeking records pertaining to the Census project. The CID requested the production of documents related to our compliance with telephone call quality assurance scoring and reporting requirements. We fully cooperated with the DOJ's inquiry and chose to amicably resolve the matter while admitting no wrongdoing. As of September 30, 2024, we accrued $8.2 million related to this matter. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2025, we settled this matter for an amount consistent with our accrual.

Maximus Federal Services, Inc. v. United States

In October 2024, Maximus Federal Services, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Maximus, Inc.) filed suit in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, challenging the inclusion of a “labor harmony agreement” and related requirements in a solicitation issued by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to reprocure the Contact Center Operations (CCO) 1-800-MEDICARE contract. In November 2024, CMS cancelled the early reprocurement. The Court then granted Maximus Federal Services. Inc.'s request to voluntarily dismiss the lawsuit without prejudice. We will continue work on this contract, which was awarded to us in 2022, and includes annual option periods through 2031.

Performance Bonds

Certain contracts require us to provide a surety bond as a guarantee of performance. As of September 30, 2025, we had performance bond commitments totaling $33.2 million. These bonds are typically renewed annually and remain in place until the contractual obligations are satisfied. Although the triggering events vary from contract to contract, in general, we would only be liable for the amount of these guarantees in the event of default in our performance of our obligations under each contract, the probability of which we believe is remote.

16. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS AND DEFERRED COMPENSATION

Defined Contribution Plan

We have 401(k) plans for the benefit of employees who meet certain eligibility requirements. The plans provide for a company match, specified company contributions and discretionary company contributions. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we contributed $37.3 million, $36.7 million, and $34.1 million to the 401(k) plans, respectively. Outside the U.S., we have a number of defined contribution pension plans and other employee benefit plans. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, we contributed $13.5 million, $20.4 million, and $19.8 million to these plans, respectively.

Deferred Compensation Plan

We also have a deferred compensation plan, which is a non-qualified plan available to a restricted number of highly compensated employees. The plan enables participants to defer compensation for tax purposes. These deferred employee contributions are held within a Rabbi Trust with investments directed by the respective employees. The assets of the Rabbi Trust are available to satisfy the claims of general creditors in the event of bankruptcy. The assets of the plan are sufficient to meet 92% of the liabilities as of September 30, 2025. The assets within the Rabbi Trust include $40.6 million invested in mutual funds that have quoted prices in active markets. These assets, as well as the related employee liabilities, are recorded at fair value, with changes in fair value being recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to "Note 9. Fair Value Measurements" for more details.

17. SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On October 6, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.30 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on December 1, 2025, to shareholders of record on November 14, 2025. Based upon the number of shares outstanding, we anticipate a cash payment of approximately $16.4 million.

Table of Contents

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of published financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, we believe that as of September 30, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

The attestation report concerning the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025, issued by KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm who also audited our consolidated financial statements, is included following this Item 9A.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during our fourth fiscal quarter of 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors

Maximus, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Maximus, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of September 30, 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated November 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

McLean, Virginia

November 20, 2025

Table of Contents

Item 9B. Other Information

(a)None.

(b)During the three months ended September 30, 2025, no director or officer of the Company adopted, modified, or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not Applicable.

Table of Contents

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item is herein incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after September 30, 2025.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information with Respect to Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth as of September 30, 2025, information with respect to (a) the number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights, (b) the weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights and (c) the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under our existing equity incentive plan. All shares under our existing equity incentive plan may be issued in the form of restricted stock, performance shares, stock appreciation rights, stock units, or other stock-based awards.


	(a)	(b)		(c)
	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights	Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities in Column (a))
Equity compensation plans/arrangements approved by the shareholders	1,069,607	$	—	1,885,415
Equity compensation plans/arrangements not approved by the shareholders	—	—		—
Total	1,069,607	$	—	1,885,415

All other information required by this item is herein incorporated by reference to our definitive proxy statement relating to the 2026 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after September 30, 2025.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Table of Contents

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)Documents filed as a part of the report:

(1)Financial Statements. Our financial statements are included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

(2)Financial Statement Schedules. All schedules are omitted since they are not applicable, not required, or the information required to be set forth herein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.

(3)Exhibits. The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index immediately below are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, or are incorporated by reference herein.

(b)Exhibits. See Item 15(a)(3) above.

(c)Financial Statement Schedules. See Item 15(a)(2) above.


			Incorporated by Reference Herein
Exhibit No.		Description of Exhibit	Form/ Schedule	File No.	Date Filed	Exhibit No.
3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Company.	10-Q	1-12997	August 14, 1997	3.1

3.2		Articles of Amendment of Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation.	10-Q	1-12997	August 14, 2000

3.3		Articles of Amendment of Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation.	10-Q	1-12997	May 10, 2013	3(i)

3.4		Articles of Amendment of Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation.	10-Q	1-12997	May 7, 2020	3.1

3.5		Amended and Restated By-laws of the Company, effective June 10, 2025 .	8-K	1-12997	June 12, 2025	3.1

4.1		Specimen Common Stock Certificate.	10-Q	1-12997	August 14, 1997	4.1

4.2		Description of Securities.	10-K	1-12997	November 19, 2020	4.2

10.1	Ù	Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between the Company and each of the directors of the Company.	S-1	333-21611	February 12, 1997	10.10

10.2	Ù	Executive Employment, Non-Compete and Confidentiality Agreement between Bruce L. Caswell and Maximus, Inc.	8-K	1-12997	January 16, 2018	10.1


10.3	Ù	Amended and Restated Income Continuity Program.	10-K	1-12997	November 16, 2015	10.6

10.4	Ù	Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended.	8-K	1-12997	November 27, 2007	10.3

10.5	Ù	2011 Equity Incentive Plan.	14A	1-12997	January 27, 2012	B

10.6	Ù	First Amendment to 2011 Equity Incentive Plan.	8-K	1-12997	December 21, 2015	10.1

10.7	Ù	1997 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended.	S-8	333-136400	August 8, 2006	4.3

Table of Contents

Incorporated by Reference Herein

Exhibit
No.

Description of Exhibit

Form/
Schedule

File No.

Date Filed

Exhibit No.

10.8

First Amendment to the 1997 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended.

8-K

1-12997

November 27, 2007

10.2

10.9

1997 Equity Incentive Plan—Restricted Stock Units—Terms and Conditions.

8-K

1-12997

June 23, 2006

10.1

10.10

2017 Equity Incentive Plan.

S-8

333-217657

May 4, 2017

4.5

10.11

2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

14A

1-12997

January 27, 2021

10.12

Ùv

Form of Restricted Stock Unit (RSU) Agreement under Maximus Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

10.13

Ùv

Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit (PSU) Agreement under Maximus Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

10.14

First Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 20, 2025, by and among the Company, the loan parties party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in its capacity as administrative agent, collateral agent, an issuing lender and swing line lender and the other lenders and financial institutions party thereto.

8-K

1-12997

March 21, 2025

10.1

16.1

Letter dated December 2, 2024 from Ernst & Young LLP to the U.S. Securities and Exchange

8-K

1-12997

December 2, 2024

16.1

19.1

Insider Trading Policy .

10-K

1-12997

November 21, 2024

19.1

21.1

List of Subsidiaries of the Company.

23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - KPMG LLP .

23.2

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Ernst & Young LLP .

31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

97.1

Clawback Policy .

10-K

1-12997

November 21, 2024

97.1

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File. (formatted as Inline XBRL tags and contained in Exhibit 101)



Ù			Denotes management compensatory plan or arrangement
v			Filed herewith.
Φ			Furnished herewith.
Ω			Schedules omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedules to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

Table of Contents

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


Maximus, Inc.

	/s/ Bruce L. Caswell	November 20, 2025
By:	Bruce L. Caswell
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

	/s/ David W. Mutryn	November 20, 2025
By:	David W. Mutryn
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates included.

Name

Title

Date

/s/ Bruce L. Caswell

President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) and Director

November 20, 2025

Bruce L. Caswell

/s/ David W. Mutryn

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

November 20, 2025

David W. Mutryn

/s/ Theresa Golinvaux

Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

November 20, 2025

Theresa Golinvaux

/s/ John J. Haley

Chair of the Board of Directors

November 20, 2025

John J Haley

/s/ Anne K. Altman

Vice Chair of the Board of Directors

November 20, 2025

Anne K. Altman

/s/ Richard A. Montoni

Director

November 20, 2025

Richard A. Montoni

/s/ Jan D. Madsen

Director

November 20, 2025

Jan D. Madsen

/s/ Gayathri Rajan

Director

November 20, 2025

Gayathri Rajan

/s/ Raymond B. Ruddy

Director

November 20, 2025

Raymond B. Ruddy

/s/ Michael J. Warren

Director

November 20, 2025

Michael J. Warren