Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018

Commission File Number: 1-12997

MAXIMUS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Virginia		54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1891 Metro Center Drive Reston, Virginia		20190
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(703) 251-8500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer ý		Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer o		Smaller reporting company o
(Do not check if smaller reporting company)
		Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý

As of May 7, 2018 there were 65,242,950 shares of the registrant’s common stock (no par value) outstanding.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended March 31, 2018

INDEX



PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements	1

	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	1

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	2

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018 (unaudited) and September 30, 2017	3

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	4

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Six Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (unaudited)	5

	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	12

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	24

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	24

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	25

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	25

Item 6.	Exhibits	26

Signatures		27

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “MAXIMUS” refer to MAXIMUS, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about us, the industry in which we operate and other matters, as well as management’s beliefs and assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. Words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “may,” “opportunity,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “should,” “will” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements and convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These statements are not guarantees and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including without limitation:


•	a failure to meet performance requirements in our contracts, which might lead to contract termination and actual or liquidated damages;


•	the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes;


•	our failure to successfully bid for and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;


•	our ability to maintain technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;


•	our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers and other qualified personnel to execute our business;


•	our ability to manage capital investments and startup costs incurred before receiving related contract payments;


•	our ability to adapt to changing market conditions;


•	our ability to successfully implement digital enhancements and other technologies into our operations;


•	the ability of government customers to terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;


•	our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;


•	the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;


•	a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment and other sanctions;


•	the costs and outcome of litigation;


•	our ability to identify and successfully complete acquisitions on favorable terms;


•	difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues and earnings for acquired businesses;


•	matters related to business we have disposed of or divested;


•	the effect of changes in laws, including tax laws and the implementation of regulations, guidance and interpretations thereunder; and


•	other factors set forth in Exhibit 99.1, under the caption "Special Considerations and Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

As a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. Additionally, we caution investors not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements as these statements speak only as of the date when made. Except as otherwise required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether resulting from new information, future events or otherwise.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended March 31,					Six Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017		2018		2017
Revenue	$	612,787		$	622,047	$	1,235,935	$	1,229,611
Cost of revenue	463,984			469,730		935,172		932,476
Gross profit	148,803			152,317		300,763		297,135
Selling, general and administrative expenses	72,559			68,596		142,118		133,994
Amortization of intangible assets	2,603			3,386		5,321		6,788
Restructuring costs	2,320			—		2,320		2,242
Operating income	71,321			80,335		151,004		154,111
Interest expense	157			744		325		1,593
Other income, net	1,392			417		1,679		680
Income before income taxes	72,556			80,008		152,358		153,198
Provision for income taxes	17,450			26,911		37,300		53,772
Net income	55,106			53,097		115,058		99,426
(Loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(386		)	582		475		247
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	55,492		$	52,515	$	114,583	$	99,179
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.84		$	0.80	$	1.74	$	1.51
Diluted earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.84		$	0.80	$	1.73	$	1.50
Dividends paid per share	$	0.045		$	0.045	$	0.09	$	0.09
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	65,856			65,549		65,857		65,669
Diluted	66,268			65,947		66,223		65,989

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2018		2017
Net income	$	55,106		$	53,097		$	115,058	$	99,426
Foreign currency translation adjustments	2,869			5,623			3,184		(4,071		)
Interest rate hedge, net of income taxes of $-, $5, $- and $(3), respectively	—			(7		)	—		5
Comprehensive income	57,975			58,713			118,242		95,360
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(386		)	582			475		247
Comprehensive income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	58,361		$	58,131		$	117,767	$	95,113

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands)



	March 31, 2018			September 30, 2017
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	253,227		$	166,252
Accounts receivable — billed and billable, net of reserves of $4,356 and $6,843	415,008			394,338
Accounts receivable — unbilled	41,202			36,475
Income taxes receivable	1,677			4,528
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	47,918			55,649
Total current assets	759,032			657,242
Property and equipment, net	90,741			101,651
Capitalized software, net	22,601			26,748
Goodwill	405,082			402,976
Intangible assets, net	94,109			98,769
Deferred contract costs, net	14,673			16,298
Deferred compensation plan assets	29,703			28,548
Deferred income taxes	7,625			7,691
Other assets	6,934			10,739
Total assets	$	1,430,500		$	1,350,662
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	119,589		$	122,083
Accrued compensation and benefits	81,833			105,667
Deferred revenue	52,743			71,722
Income taxes payable	11,652			4,703
Other liabilities	13,534			12,091
Total current liabilities	279,351			316,266
Deferred revenue, less current portion	23,802			28,182
Deferred income taxes	10,997			20,106
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, less current portion	30,904			30,707
Other liabilities	19,118			9,633
Total liabilities	364,172			404,894
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 65,243 and 65,137 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017, at stated amount, respectively	487,385			475,592
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(24,435		)	(27,619		)
Retained earnings	599,630			492,112
Total MAXIMUS shareholders’ equity	1,062,580			940,085
Noncontrolling interests	3,748			5,683
Total equity	1,066,328			945,768
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,430,500		$	1,350,662

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Six Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operations:
Net income	$	115,058		$	99,426
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized software	27,074			29,967
Amortization of intangible assets	5,321			6,788
Deferred income taxes	(9,179		)	(5,721		)
Stock compensation expense	11,324			10,234
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable — billed and billable	(18,522		)	10,030
Accounts receivable — unbilled	(4,730		)	(3,445		)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	8,526			7,512
Deferred contract costs	1,794			998
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(3,171		)	(17,719		)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(15,391		)	(6,293		)
Deferred revenue	(23,789		)	(15,853		)
Income taxes	18,634			20,715
Other assets and liabilities	3,620			209
Cash flows from operations	116,569			136,848
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs	(13,175		)	(12,975		)
Acquisition of part of noncontrolling interest	(157		)	—
Proceeds from the sale of a business	—			385
Other	183			218
Cash used in investing activities	(13,149		)	(12,372		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to MAXIMUS shareholders	(5,865		)	(5,837		)
Repurchases of common stock	(1,038		)	(28,858		)
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(8,529		)	(9,267		)
Borrowings under credit facility	124,683			135,000
Repayment of credit facility and other long-term debt	(124,752		)	(184,828		)
Other	(2,130		)	(1,145		)
Cash used in financing activities	(17,631		)	(94,935		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1,186			(878		)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	86,975			28,663
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	166,252			66,199
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	253,227		$	94,862

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Common Shares Outstanding		Common Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)			Retained Earnings			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
Balance at September 30, 2017	65,137		$	475,592	$	(27,619	)	$	492,112		$	5,683		$	945,768
Net income	—		—		—			114,583			475			115,058
Foreign currency translation	—		—		3,184			—			—			3,184
Cash dividends	—		—		—			(5,865		)	(2,129		)	(7,994		)
Dividends on RSUs	—		162		—			(162		)	—			—
Repurchases of common stock	(17	)	—		—			(1,038		)	—			(1,038		)
Stock compensation expense	—		11,324		—			—			—			11,324
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	—		183		—			—			—			183
RSUs vested	123		—		—			—			—			—
Acquisition of part of noncontrolling interest	—		124		—			—			(281		)	(157		)
Balance at March 31, 2018	65,243		$	487,385	$	(24,435	)	$	599,630		$	3,748		$	1,066,328



	Common Shares Outstanding		Common Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
Balance at September 30, 2016	65,223		$	461,679		$	(36,169	)	$	323,571		$	4,059		$	753,140
Net income	—		—			—			99,179			247			99,426
Foreign currency translation	—		—			(4,071		)	—			—			(4,071		)
Interest rate hedge, net of income taxes	—		—			5			—			—			5
Cash dividends	—		—			—			(5,837		)	(617		)	(6,454		)
Dividends on RSUs	—		174			—			(174		)	—			—
Repurchases of common stock	(558	)	—			—			(28,858		)	—			(28,858		)
Stock compensation expense	—		10,234			—			—			—			10,234
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	—		(12		)	—			—			—			(12		)
RSUs vested	157		—			—			—			—			—
Balance at March 31, 2017	64,822		$	472,075		$	(40,235	)	$	387,881		$	3,689		$	823,410

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Three and Six Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. As permitted by these instructions, they do not include all of the information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The results of operations for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year. The balance sheet at September 30, 2017 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain financial results have been reclassified to conform with our current period presentation.

The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities and contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated audited financial statements and the notes thereto at September 30, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years ended September 30, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

2. Segment Information

The table below provides certain financial information for each of our business segments.



	Three Months Ended March 31,										Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			% (1)		2017			% (1)		2018			% (1)		2017			% (1)
Revenue:
Health Services	$	365,633		100	%	$	348,994		100	%	$	717,723		100	%	$	689,723		100	%
U.S. Federal Services	116,327			100	%	145,370			100	%	249,310			100	%	286,668			100	%
Human Services	130,827			100	%	127,683			100	%	268,902			100	%	253,220			100	%
Total	$	612,787		100	%	$	622,047		100	%	$	1,235,935		100	%	$	1,229,611		100	%
Gross profit:
Health Services	$	98,207		26.9	%	$	86,454		24.8	%	$	189,263		26.4	%	$	164,688		23.9	%
U.S. Federal Services	27,374			23.5	%	36,571			25.2	%	60,732			24.4	%	74,147			25.9	%
Human Services	23,222			17.8	%	29,292			22.9	%	50,768			18.9	%	58,300			23.0	%
Total	$	148,803		24.3	%	$	152,317		24.5	%	$	300,763		24.3	%	$	297,135		24.2	%
Selling, general and administrative expense:
Health Services	$	35,190		9.6	%	$	29,914		8.6	%	$	68,606		9.6	%	$	58,021		8.4	%
U.S. Federal Services	17,540			15.1	%	18,927			13.0	%	34,188			13.7	%	38,622			13.5	%
Human Services	19,829			15.2	%	19,663			15.4	%	39,324			14.6	%	36,902			14.6	%
Other (2)	—			NM		92			NM		—			NM		449			NM
Total	$	72,559		11.8	%	$	68,596		11.0	%	$	142,118		11.5	%	$	133,994		10.9	%
Operating income:
Health Services	$	63,017		17.2	%	$	56,540		16.2	%	$	120,657		16.8	%	$	106,667		15.5	%
U.S. Federal Services	9,834			8.5	%	17,644			12.1	%	26,544			10.6	%	35,525			12.4	%
Human Services	3,393			2.6	%	9,629			7.5	%	11,444			4.3	%	21,398			8.5	%
Amortization of intangible assets	(2,603		)	NM		(3,386		)	NM		(5,321		)	NM		(6,788		)	NM
Restructuring costs (3)	(2,320		)	NM		—			NM		(2,320		)	NM		(2,242		)	NM
Other (2)	—			NM		(92		)	NM		—			NM		(449		)	NM
Total	$	71,321		11.6	%	$	80,335		12.9	%	$	151,004		12.2	%	$	154,111		12.5	%

(1) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked “NM.”


(2)	Other costs and credits relate to SG&A balances that do not relate directly to segment business activities. During the six months ended March 31, 2017 we incurred $0.4 million of legal costs pertaining to a matter which occurred in fiscal year 2009.


(3)	During fiscal years 2018 and 2017, we incurred costs in restructuring our United Kingdom Human Services business. See "Note 5. Supplemental disclosures" for more information.

3. Earnings Per Share

The weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute earnings per share was as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,		Six Months Ended March 31,
(shares in thousands)	2018	2017	2018	2017
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	65,856	65,549	65,857	65,669
Dilutive effect of employee stock options and unvested RSUs	412	398	366	320
Denominator for diluted earnings per share	66,268	65,947	66,223	65,989

All of our unvested restricted stock units (RSUs) are included in the calculations of dilution above.

4. Income Tax

Our results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 benefited from the estimated effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), which was signed on December 22, 2017 and was effective from January 1, 2018.

Our results for the six months ended March 31, 2018 were affected by:


•	A one-time "toll tax" on our undistributed and previously untaxed earnings in foreign locations, of approximately $9.5 million, recorded in the three months ended December 31, 2017;


•	A one-time benefit from the reduction of our deferred tax liabilities of $11.7 million, of which $1.1 million was recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2018, to reflect the new U.S. federal tax rates; and


•	A reduced provision for income taxes to reflect the new lower U.S. corporate tax rates of approximately $12.8 million for the six months ended March 31, 2018, split evenly between both quarters, compared to our tax provision under previous law.

The calculations of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the toll tax are complicated by two factors:


•	Our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal year 2017, which ended on September 30, 2017, is required to be filed on or before July 15, 2018, and certain estimates of differences between recorded amounts for financial reporting purposes and for tax reporting purposes will continue to be refined for the next several months; and

•

The “toll tax” requires the gathering of detailed information previously not required to be filed with our U.S. federal tax returns; both the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department will be providing interpretations and guidance over the next several months to assist tax payers in calculating the toll tax. In addition, many U.S. states continue to issue their interpretations of the Act, which may change our estimates of our charge.

Accordingly, the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act is provisional. We believe that we have a reasonable basis for our estimates.

Our effective income tax rate for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 was 24.1% and 24.5%, respectively, compared to our effective income tax rate for the three and six months ended March 31, 2017 of 33.6% and 35.1%, respectively. The net effect of our toll charge and reduction of deferred tax liabilities reduced the effective income tax rate by approximately 1.5% and 1.4% for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018, respectively.

During the six months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we made income tax payments of $28.5 million and $38.8 million, respectively.

5. Supplemental disclosures

Under a resolution adopted in August 2015, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase, at management's discretion, of up to an aggregate of $200 million of our common stock. The resolution also authorizes the use of option exercise proceeds for the repurchase of our common stock. During the six months ended March 31, 2018, we repurchased approximately 17,000 common shares at a cost of $1.0 million. During the six months ended March 31, 2017, we acquired 0.6 million common shares at a cost of $28.9 million. At March 31, 2018, $108.8 million remained available for future stock repurchases.

Our deferred compensation plan assets include $16.3 million invested in mutual funds that have quoted prices in active markets. These assets are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in the Statement of Operations.

During the six months ended March 31, 2018, we granted 0.3 million RSUs to our employees. These awards will vest ratably over five years. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we granted approximately 22,000 RSU's to members of our Board of Directors. These awards vest over one year.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other amounts included within current assets and liabilities that meet the definition of a financial instrument are shown at values equivalent to fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Our accounts receivable balance includes both amounts invoiced and amounts that are ready to be invoiced and the funds are collectible within standard invoice terms.

During the six months ended March 31, 2017, we undertook a restructuring of our United Kingdom Human Services operations as part of the ongoing integration of Remploy. During the six months ended March 31, 2017, we recorded restructuring costs of $2.2 million, principally severance expenses. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded additional restructuring costs of $2.3 million.

As part of our work for the U.S. Federal Government and many states, we allocate costs to individual projects and segments using a methodology driven by the Federal Cost Accounting Standards. During fiscal year 2018, we updated our methodology for allocation of costs which resulted in certain costs which had been within Cost of Revenue now being classified as Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A). If we had utilized the same methodology in fiscal year 2018 as we had in fiscal year 2017, we estimate that SG&A would have been lower by approximately $1.3 million and $2.5 million during the three and six months ended March 31, 2018, respectively. This change in methodology did not affect our operating income.

Securities Class Action Lawsuit

On August 4, 2017, the Company and certain officers were named as defendants in a putative class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Steamfitters Local 449 Pension Plan v. MAXIMUS. The plaintiff alleges the defendants made a variety of materially false and misleading statements, or failed to disclose material information, concerning the status of the Company’s Health Assessment Advisory Services project for the U.K. Department for Work and Pensions from the period October 20, 2014 through February 3, 2016, and seeks damages to be proved at trial. We deny the allegations and intend to defend the matter vigorously. At this time, it is not possible to reasonably predict whether this matter will be permitted to proceed as a class or to reasonably estimate the value of the claims asserted and we are unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss.

6. Debt

Credit Facilities

Our credit agreement provides for a revolving line of credit up to $400 million that may be used for revolving loans, swingline loans (subject to a sublimit of $5 million), and to request letters of credit, subject to a sublimit of $50 million. The line of credit is available for general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Borrowings are permitted in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. In September 2017, we extended the term of our credit agreement to September 2022, at which time all outstanding borrowings must be repaid. At March 31, 2018, we had no borrowings under the credit agreement.

At March 31, 2018, we held three letters of credit under our credit agreement totaling $2.7 million. Each of these letters of credit may be called by vendors or customers in the event that we default under the terms of a

contract, the probability of which we believe is remote. In addition, two letters of credit totaling $3.0 million, secured with restricted cash balances, are held with another financial institution to cover similar obligations to customers.

Our credit agreement requires us to comply with certain financial covenants and other covenants including a maximum total leverage ratio and a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. We were in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2018. Our obligations under the credit agreement are guaranteed by material domestic subsidiaries of the Company, but are otherwise unsecured. In the event that our total leverage ratio, as defined in the credit agreement, exceeds 2.50:1, we would be obliged to provide security in the form of the assets of the parent company and certain of its subsidiaries. Our credit agreement contains no restrictions on the payment of dividends as long as our leverage ratio does not exceed 2.50:1. At March 31, 2018, our total leverage ratio was less than 1.0:1.0. We do not believe that the provisions of the credit agreement represent a significant restriction to the successful operation of the business or to our ability to pay dividends.

The credit agreement provides for an annual commitment fee payable on funds not borrowed or utilized for letters of credit. This charge is based upon our leverage and varies between 0.125% and 0.275%. Borrowings under the credit agreement bear interest at our choice at either (a) a Base Rate plus a margin that varies between 0.0% and 0.75% per year, (b) a Eurocurrency Rate plus an applicable margin that varies between 1.0% and 1.75% per year or (c) an Index Rate plus an applicable margin which varies between 1.0% and 1.75% per year. The Base Rate, Eurocurrency Rate and Index Rate are defined by the credit agreement.

Derivative Arrangement

In order to add stability to our interest expense and manage our exposure to interest rate movements, we may enter into derivative arrangements to fix payments on part of an outstanding loan balance. We agree to pay a fixed rate of interest to a financial institution and receive a balance equivalent to the floating rate payable. Our outstanding derivative instruments expired during fiscal year 2017. As this cash flow hedge was considered effective, the gains and losses in the fair value of this derivative instrument were reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

Interest Payments

During the six months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we made interest payments of less than $0.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

7. Recent accounting pronouncements

We are evaluating the effects of guidance issued in three significant areas of financial reporting.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In addition, the FASB has issued additional updates covering technical items and changing the date of adoption. This new standard will change the manner in which we evaluate revenue recognition for all contracts with customers, although the effect of the changes on revenue recognition will vary from contract to contract. We will adopt this standard at the beginning of our 2019 fiscal year. The standard is required to be applied either retrospectively to each prior period presented (the full retrospective approach) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the initial application recognized at the date of initial application (the modified retrospective approach). While we previously disclosed that we anticipated using the full retrospective approach, we have further evaluated both approaches and have concluded that we will adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach.

We have established a cross-functional steering committee which includes representatives from across all our business and support segments. The steering committee is responsible for evaluating the impact of the standard on our operations including accounting, taxation, internal audit and financial systems. Our approach to analyzing these impacts includes reviewing our current accounting policies and practices to identify potential differences that will result from applying the requirements of the new standard to our existing contracts. We are in the process of evaluating the changes needed to our business processes, systems and controls in order to support revenue recognition and the related disclosures under the new standard. While we are still evaluating the changes that the new standard will have, we expect the standard will affect the timing of revenue recognition for certain of our variable fee contracts.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard requires that assets and liabilities arising under leases be recognized on the balance sheet. The standard also requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures that provide the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows relating to

lease arrangements. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, using a modified retrospective approach. The modified retrospective approach requires retrospective application to the earliest period presented in the respective financial statements. This approach also provides practical expedients related to leases that commenced prior to the effective date and allows the use of hindsight when evaluating lease options. We will adopt this standard at the beginning of our 2020 fiscal year. We are currently evaluating the likely effects on our business.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This standard will not change the manner in which we would identify a goodwill impairment but would change the manner of the calculation of any resulting impairment. Under existing guidance, we would calculate goodwill for each of our reporting units by calculating the fair value of all existing assets and liabilities within that reporting unit and comparing this to the fair value of the reporting unit; to the extent that this difference is less than our existing goodwill balance related to that reporting unit, we would record an impairment. The new standard will require us to calculate goodwill based upon the difference between the fair value and reported value of a reporting unit. This standard would be effective for our 2021 fiscal year, although early adoption is permitted. The impact of the new standard will depend on the outcomes of future goodwill impairment tests.

With the exception of the new accounting standards discussed above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

8. Subsequent events

On April 6, 2018, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.045 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on May 31, 2018 to shareholders of record on May 15, 2018.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included both herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

Business Overview

We are a leading operator of government health and human services programs worldwide. We act as a partner to governments under our mission of Helping Government Serve the People^®. We use our experience, business process management expertise, innovation and technology solutions to help government agencies run effective, efficient and accountable programs.

Our company was founded in 1975 and grew both organically and through acquisitions. Beginning in 2006, we narrowed our service offerings to focus in the area of business process services (BPS) primarily in the health services and human services markets. In parallel, we divested or exited a number of non-core businesses that fell outside these two areas. Our subsequent growth was driven by the expansion of our health services business around the globe, new welfare-to-work contracts outside the United States and the growth of our business with the U.S. Federal Government. This growth has been both organic and through acquisitions.

We are continuing to see procurement delays and postponements within government both in the U.S. and abroad. In addition, agency staffing shortfalls within the U.S. have hindered the decision-making process at the federal level, creating follow-on delays at the state level. Our short-term growth expectations continue to be impacted by longer procurement cycles and increased delays.

Longer-term, we believe the ongoing demand for our services driven by demographic, economic and legislative trends, coupled with our strong position within our industry, will continue to foster future growth. Our long-term growth thesis is based on the following factors:


•	Demographic trends, including increased longevity and more complex health needs, place an increased burden on government social benefit programs. At the same time, programs that address societal needs must be a good use of taxpayer dollars and achieve their intended outcomes. We believe the macro-economic trends of demographics and government needs will continue to drive demand for our services.

•

Our contract portfolio offers us excellent revenue visibility. Much of our revenue is derived from long-term contractual arrangements with governments. A contract will often have a base period followed by additional option periods. As a result, single contracts may last several years and client relationships may be decades long. At any time, we are typically able to identify more than 90% of our subsequent twelve months' anticipated revenue from our existing contracts.

•

We maintain a strong reputation within the government health and human services industry. Our deep client relationships and reputation for delivering outcomes and creating efficiencies creates a strong barrier to entry in a risk-averse environment. Entering our markets typically requires expertise in complex procurement processes, operation of multi-faceted government programs and an ability to serve and engage with diverse populations.


•	We have a portfolio target operating profit margin that ranges between 10% and 15% with high cash conversion, a healthy balance sheet and access to a $400 million credit facility. Our financial flexibility allows us to fund investments in the business, complete strategic mergers and acquisitions to further supplement our core capabilities and seek new adjacent platforms.


•	We have an active program to identify potential strategic acquisitions. Our past acquisitions have successfully enabled us to expand our business processes, knowledge and client relationships into adjacent markets and new geographies. Over the past three years, these include:


▪	In 2017, we acquired Revitalised Limited (Revitalised), a U.K. provider of digital solutions for engaging people in the areas of health, fitness and wellbeing.


▪	In 2016, we acquired Ascend Management Innovations, LLC (Ascend), a provider of independent, specialized health assessments and data management tools to government agencies in the U.S.


▪	In 2015, we acquired Assessments Australia, a provider of assessments that identify the support services required to help individuals succeed in a community environment.

Financial Overview

Our results for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 were driven by a number of factors, including:


•	Significant income tax benefits from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act;


•	Declines in revenue and profit margins in our U.S. Federal Services Segment, principally due to contracts ending and, to a lesser extent, the renegotiation of a subcontract;


•	Benefits in our Health Services Segment from certain contracts, including the Health Assessment Advisory Service (HAAS) contract;


•	Reduced margins in our Human Services Segment due to a contract extension that was not signed during the second quarter, as well as lower volumes on a small contract outside the U.S.;


•	Restructuring costs in our U.K. Human Services business as mainstream employment services programs come to their expected end. This is expected to provide benefits in future quarters; and


•	The benefit of year-over-year increases in the value of foreign currencies in which we do business, most notably the British Pound.

Results of Operations

Consolidated

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, selected statements of operations data:



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue	$	612,787		$	622,047		$	1,235,935		$	1,229,611
Cost of revenue	463,984			469,730			935,172			932,476
Gross profit	148,803			152,317			300,763			297,135
Gross profit percentage	24.3		%	24.5		%	24.3		%	24.2		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	72,559			68,596			142,118			133,994
Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue	11.8		%	11.0		%	11.5		%	10.9		%
Amortization of intangible assets	2,603			3,386			5,321			6,788
Restructuring costs	2,320			—			2,320			2,242
Operating income	71,321			80,335			151,004			154,111
Operating margin	11.6		%	12.9		%	12.2		%	12.5		%
Interest expense	157			744			325			1,593
Other income, net	1,392			417			1,679			680
Income before income taxes	72,556			80,008			152,358			153,198
Provision for income taxes	17,450			26,911			37,300			53,772
Effective tax rate	24.1		%	33.6		%	24.5		%	35.1		%
Net income	55,106			53,097			115,058			99,426
(Loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interests	(386		)	582			475			247
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	55,492		$	52,515		$	114,583		$	99,179
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.84		$	0.80		$	1.74		$	1.51
Diluted earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.84		$	0.80		$	1.73		$	1.50

As our business segments have different factors driving revenue fluctuations and profitability, the sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail.

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are summarized below.



	Revenue					Cost of Revenue					Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	622,047				$	469,730				$	152,317
Organic effect	(24,158		)	(3.9	)%	(17,302		)	(3.7	)%	(6,856		)	(4.5	)%
Acquired growth	464			0.1	%	274			0.1	%	190			0.1	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	14,434			2.3	%	11,282			2.4	%	3,152			2.1	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	612,787		(1.5	)%	$	463,984		(1.2	)%	$	148,803		(2.3	)%

Revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018 decreased 1.5% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. Our cost of revenue decreased by 1.2% for the same period. The declines impacting revenue and cost of revenue were primarily due to contracts ending in the U.S. Federal Services Segment, partially offset by organic growth in the Health Services Segment.

Our cost of revenue includes direct costs related to labor, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent and other direct costs. Although movements in cost typically correlate with revenue growth, we experienced operating efficiencies in our Health Services Segment.

Our acquired growth represents the performance of the Revitalised business, which was purchased in July 2017.

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the six months ended March 31, 2018 are summarized below.



	Revenue					Cost of Revenue					Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	1,229,611				$	932,476				$	297,135
Organic effect	(17,474		)	(1.4	)%	(16,089		)	(1.7	)%	(1,385		)	(0.5	)%
Acquired growth	721			0.1	%	542			0.1	%	179			0.1	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	23,077			1.9	%	18,243			2.0	%	4,834			1.6	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	1,235,935		0.5	%	$	935,172		0.3	%	$	300,763		1.2	%

The factors impacting revenue and cost of revenue for the six months are similar to those affecting the fiscal quarter.

Selling, general and administrative expense (SG&A) consists of indirect costs related to general management, marketing and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent, rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A are driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the United States Federal Government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the Federal Cost Accounting Standards. During fiscal year 2018, we updated our methodology for allocation of costs which resulted in certain costs which had been within Cost of Revenue now being classified as SG&A. If we had utilized the same methodology in fiscal year 2018 as we had in fiscal year 2017, we estimate that SG&A would have been lower by approximately $1.3 million and $2.5 million during the three and six months ended March 31, 2018,

respectively. This change in methodology did not affect our operating income. Other increases in our SG&A costs relate to the enhancement of our IT capabilities and charges related to the rationalization of some of our administrative facilities.

Amortization charges declined between fiscal years 2017 and 2018. During fiscal year 2017, all intangible assets acquired as part of the Remploy acquisition in 2015 and the technology and trademark assets which were acquired with our acquisition of Policy Studies, Inc. in 2012 were fully amortized. These assets had been amortized at a rate of approximately $3.1 million per year.

During fiscal year 2017, we began restructuring of our United Kingdom Human Services operations as part of the ongoing integration of Remploy and to address changes in the employment services market as mainstream employment services programs come to an expected end and government focuses on more specialized health and employment programs supporting people with disabilities and other vulnerable populations. We recorded restructuring costs of $2.2 million for the six months ended March 31, 2017. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded additional restructuring costs of $2.3 million. This restructuring, which was principally caused by severance costs, is expected to result in cost savings in future periods. Remploy is partially owned by its employees and, accordingly, some of this charge is offset through a reduction in income attributable to noncontrolling interests.

Overall, our operating income for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 decreased by 11.2% and 2.0%, respectively, compared to the same periods last year.

Our interest expense is driven by borrowings from our credit facility. During the first half of fiscal year 2017, we were continuing to pay off the debt balance related to our acquisitions of Acentia and Ascend. Our expense during the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 relates primarily to the cost of maintaining the facility as well as some borrowings to cover short-term working capital needs.

Our net income for the three and six months ended March 31, 2018 increased by 3.8% and 16%, compared to the corresponding periods last year. Our net income attributable to MAXIMUS increased by 5.7% and 16%, respectively. These results received a benefit from changes in our tax rates due to the lower U.S. corporate income tax rates as explained below.

Income taxes

Our results for the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 benefited from the estimated effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), which was signed on December 22, 2017 and is effective from January 1, 2018.

Our results for the six months ended March 31, 2018 have been affected by:


•	A one-time "toll tax" on undistributed and previously untaxed earnings in foreign locations;


•	A one-time benefit from the reduction of our deferred tax liabilities; and


•	Reduced U.S. federal income tax rates.

The Act imposes a tax on undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries which were not previously remitted to, or taxed in, the United States. This has been referred to as the “toll tax.” The tax is a combination of two elements; a 15.5% charge for the earnings held in cash and an 8% charge on all other earnings. We can claim a related foreign tax credit for the income taxes paid to a foreign authority. We have recorded a toll tax charge of approximately $9.5 million, which represents our best estimate of the cost at this time. This was an increase to our tax expense.

The Act also reduces the basic rate of U.S. federal income tax from 35% to 21%. We have deferred tax liabilities within the United States. We recorded a reduction to income tax expense of $10.6 million in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 and revised this figure by $1.1 million to $11.7 million in the second quarter of fiscal year 2018 to reflect the favorable impact from the lower income tax rates.

The Act reduced our tax rate from 35% to 24.5% for fiscal year 2018 and to 21% for future fiscal years. There are other provisions which will offset this, including a limitation on the deductibility of officers' compensation and the disallowance of deductions for certain other business expenses. We estimate that our provision for income taxes for each of the first two quarters of fiscal year 2018 was approximately $6.4 million lower as a result of lower

income tax rates for a total of $12.8 million, offset by some other provisions in the Act but excluding the effect of the toll tax and deferred liability true-up noted above.

We have analyzed the other provisions of the Act, including the state income tax consequences.

We were required to recognize the effects of the Act as of December 31, 2017. Specifically we were required to remeasure the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 22, 2017 and calculate the expected impact of the one-time “toll tax” on the undistributed, non-previously taxed foreign earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as part of the transition to a new territorial tax regime provided for in the Act. The calculations of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the toll tax are complicated by two factors.


•	Our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal year 2017, which ended on September 30, 2017, is required to be filed on or before July 15, 2018, and certain estimates of differences between recorded amounts for financial reporting purposes and for tax reporting purposes will continue to be refined for the next several months.

•

Accordingly, the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act is provisional. We believe that we have a reasonable basis for our estimates.

After considering the impact of U.S. tax reform our effective income tax rate for fiscal year 2018 is projected to be in the range of 25% to 27%. We anticipate an effective tax rate between 26% and 28% during the third fiscal quarter and between 25% and 26% for the fourth fiscal quarter of 2018, respectively. The toll tax is payable over eight years and, accordingly, has been recorded as a long-term liability on our balance sheet.

During our second and fourth fiscal quarters, we receive the tax benefit from the vesting of restricted stock units (RSUs). The benefit is dependent upon the number of RSUs which vest as well as our share price on the vesting date.

We anticipate that our earnings in the full fiscal year 2018 will receive a benefit of approximately $0.35 of diluted earnings per share as a consequence of changes in tax legislation from this Act.

The tax reform law in the U.S. improves our after tax cash flows in the U.S. as compared to the prior tax rates and structure and, accordingly, it is expected to improve returns from our U.S. businesses.

Health Services Segment

The Health Services Segment provides a variety of business process services and appeals and assessments for state, provincial and national government programs. These services support a variety of government health benefit programs including Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the U.S., Health Insurance BC (British Columbia) in Canada, and the HAAS contract in the U.K.



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue	$	365,633		$	348,994		$	717,723		$	689,723
Cost of revenue	267,426			262,540			528,460			525,035
Gross profit	98,207			86,454			189,263			164,688
Operating income	63,017			56,540			120,657			106,667
Gross profit percentage	26.9		%	24.8		%	26.4		%	23.9		%
Operating margin percentage	17.2		%	16.2		%	16.8		%	15.5		%

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are summarized below.



	Revenue				Cost of Revenue					Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars		Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	348,994			$	262,540				$	86,454
Organic effect	6,428		1.8	%	(2,809		)	(1.1	)%	9,237		10.7	%
Acquired growth	464		0.1	%	274			0.1	%	190		0.2	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	9,747		2.8	%	7,421			2.8	%	2,326		2.7	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	365,633	4.8	%	267,426			1.9	%	98,207		13.6	%

Our revenue for the three month period ended March 31, 2018 increased by 4.8% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017, driven by organic growth and the effects of currency. Cost of revenue increased by 1.9%. On a constant currency basis, our Health Services Segment revenue and cost of revenue grew 1.9% and declined 1.0%, respectively.

The majority of the changes in revenue and costs are attributable to a number of factors.

•

This segment has a number of mature contracts, which helped drive an increase in operating margins in both the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2018. In particular, our HAAS contract, which is a cost reimbursable contract with incentives and penalties based upon service level targets and operating efficiencies, achieved certain full-year service level targets for contract year three that ended on February 28, 2018. As previously disclosed, this contract was extended for an additional two years commencing March 1, 2018 and under the terms of the extension we expect the contract will generate a lower profit margin.

•

In addition, the majority of the Fit for Work operations ceased during the second quarter of this fiscal year, due to the previously disclosed contract amendment that was completed in November 2017. This resulted in some incremental benefit from the acceleration of revenue, offset by costs of exiting the program. We expect to incur some additional costs in the third quarter of this fiscal year. Although there will be some costs associated with the closure of the contract, the termination of this contract should provide some benefit to our profit margin in future quarters.


•	We also received the benefit from the strengthening of foreign currencies, notably the British Pound, over the past twelve months, resulting in increased revenue and costs.

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the six months ended March 31, 2018 are summarized below.



	Revenue				Cost of Revenue					Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars		Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	689,723			$	525,035				$	164,688
Organic effect	12,139		1.8	%	(8,824		)	(1.7	)%	20,963		12.7	%
Acquired growth	721		0.1	%	542			0.1	%	179		0.1	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	15,140		2.2	%	11,707			2.2	%	3,433		2.1	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	717,723	4.1	%	$	528,460		0.7	%	$	189,263	14.9	%

Our revenue for the six month period ended March 31, 2018 increased by 4.1% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. Cost of revenue increased by 0.7%. On a constant currency basis, our Health Services Segment revenue and cost of revenue grew 1.9% and declined 1.6%, respectively.

The factors impacting revenue and cost of revenue for the six months are similar to those affecting the fiscal quarter.

U.S. Federal Services Segment

The U.S. Federal Services Segment provides business process solutions, program management, as well as system and software development and maintenance services for various U.S. federal civilian programs.



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue	$	116,327		$	145,370		$	249,310		$	286,668
Cost of revenue	88,953			108,799			188,578			212,521
Gross profit	27,374			36,571			60,732			74,147
Operating income	9,834			17,644			26,544			35,525
Gross profit percentage	23.5		%	25.2		%	24.4		%	25.9		%
Operating margin percentage	8.5		%	12.1		%	10.6		%	12.4		%

Revenue for the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2018 decreased by 20% and 13%, compared to the same periods in fiscal year 2017, respectively. The corresponding decline in cost of revenue was 18% and 11%, respectively. All revenue, cost and profit movement between periods is organic.

The majority of the changes in revenue and costs are attributable to a couple of factors.

•

Our federal business has declined primarily due to contracts ending. Many of these contracts had reached their expected conclusion and included some non-recurring, temporary work. Some contract rebids were offered only to small businesses, which precluded us from offering our services. At the end of fiscal year 2017, we had anticipated a benefit from disaster relief efforts; however, in late November 2017, we were informed that these support efforts would be less than we had anticipated.

•

The decline was also due, but to a lesser extent, to the renegotiation of a contract with one or our subcontractors on a large business process outsourcing (BPO) contract. Under the new agreement, we will assume responsibility for the majority of the work that was previously performed by the subcontractor. In amending our relationship with the subcontractor, we incurred charges of approximately $2.9 million, which are not anticipated to recur. We anticipate we will record savings on this contract immediately and will increase revenue and profit contributions from this contract in future years.

Human Services Segment

The Human Services Segment provides national, state and county human services agencies with a variety of business process services and related consulting services for welfare-to-work, child support, higher education institutions and other human services programs. Approximately 70% of our revenue in this segment was earned in foreign jurisdictions.



	Three Months Ended March 31,						Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue	$	130,827		$	127,683		$	268,902		$	253,220
Cost of revenue	107,605			98,391			218,134			194,920
Gross profit	23,222			29,292			50,768			58,300
Operating income	3,393			9,629			11,444			21,398
Gross profit percentage	17.8		%	22.9		%	18.9		%	23.0		%
Operating margin percentage	2.6		%	7.5		%	4.3		%	8.5		%

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are summarized below.



	Revenue					Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	127,683				$	98,391			$	29,292
Organic effect	(1,543		)	(1.2	)%	5,353		5.4	%	(6,896		)	(23.5	)%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	4,687			3.7	%	3,861		3.9	%	826			2.8	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	130,827		2.5	%	107,605		9.4	%	23,222			(20.7	)%

Our revenue for the three month period ended March 31, 2018 increased by 2.5% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. Cost of revenue increased by 9.4%. On a constant currency basis, our revenue and cost of revenue declined 1.2% and grew 5.4%, respectively.

The majority of the changes in organic revenue and costs are attributable to a number of factors.


•	We had an unsigned contract extension in which associated costs were recognized in the second quarter of fiscal 2018 with no corresponding revenue. We expect to sign the extension in a future period and will record revenue and profit at that time.


•	We experienced lower than expected volumes on a small contract outside the U.S. We have right-sized the resources and expect improvement going forward.


•	Our new jobactive contract in Australia enjoys higher revenues than its predecessor contract but operates at a lower profit margin. The new contract also includes a large quantity of pass-through revenue for discretionary services for which we are reimbursed on a cost basis. This results in a dilution of our profit margin.

This division also experienced the effects of the strengthening of the Australian Dollar and the British Pound, compared to the first six months of fiscal year 2017.

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the six months ended March 31, 2018 are summarized below.



	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	253,220			$	194,920			$	58,300
Organic effect	7,745		3.1	%	16,678		8.6	%	(8,933		)	(15.3	)%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	7,937		3.1	%	6,536		3.4	%	1,401			2.4	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	268,902	6.2	%	$	218,134	11.9	%	$	50,768		(12.9	)%

Our revenue for the six month period ended March 31, 2018 increased by 6.2% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. Cost of revenue increased by 11.9%. On a constant currency basis, our revenue and cost of revenue grew 3.1% and 8.6%, respectively.

The factors impacting revenue and cost of revenue for the six months are similar to those affecting the fiscal quarter.

Low unemployment rates in many of our geographies have resulted in lower volumes for many of our employment services contracts. Employment services represents the majority of the segment’s portfolio, which has created challenges in maintaining revenue and profit levels. In addition to the low unemployment levels, our government clients are also reshaping how these contracts are structured. As a result, we anticipate mid-single digit operating margin for this segment. In addition, we expect that new contracts starting in the second half of the fiscal year will temper margins in the Human Services Segment.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal source of liquidity remains our cash flows from operations. These cash flows are used to fund our ongoing operations and working capital needs as well as investments in capital infrastructure and our share repurchases. These operating cash flows are driven by our contracts and their payment terms. For many contracts, we are reimbursed for the costs of startup operations, although there may be a gap between incurring and receiving these funds. Other factors which may cause shortfalls in cash flows include contract terms where payments are tied to outcome deliveries, which may not correspond with the costs incurred to achieve these outcomes and short-term delays where government budgets are constrained.

We maintain a credit facility to cover shortfalls in our operating cash flows. We used this facility to fund our acquisitions of Acentia in 2015 and Ascend in 2016, as well as short-term borrowings to cover some immediate working capital needs. At March 31, 2018, we had no borrowings under the credit facility. In September 2017, we extended the life of our credit facility to September 2022, which allows us to borrow up to $400 million, subject to standard covenants. We believe our cash flows from operations should be sufficient to meet our day-to-day requirements for the foreseeable future.

We hold significant cash balances in foreign locations. We mitigate our risk against foreign currency fluctuations by keeping much of these funds in accounts denominated in the United States Dollar. Prior to the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), these funds could not be used within the United States without incurring an incremental tax charge and, accordingly, we had elected to keep these funds indefinitely reinvested in foreign locations.

At March 31, 2018, our cash balances were held in the following locations and denominations:



(dollars in thousands)	As of March 31, 2018
U.S. Dollar denominated funds held in the United States	$	121,752
U.S. Dollar denominated funds held in foreign locations	46,914
Funds held in foreign locations in local currencies	84,561
Cash and cash equivalents	$	253,227

With the passage of the Act, we are evaluating our alternatives to remit these funds to the United States. It is our intention to move substantially all of our cash not required for local working capital needs to the U.S., provided we are able to do so in a tax efficient manner. In April 2018, we transferred $40 million of U.S. Dollar denominated funds held in foreign locations to the United States. This did not result in any incremental tax expense.

Our priorities for cash utilization remain unchanged. We intend to:


•	Actively pursue new growth opportunities, including strategic acquisitions, business development and investments in technology and innovation to assist organic growth;


•	Maintain our quarterly dividend program; and


•	Make repurchases of our own shares where opportunities arise to do so.

Our growth opportunities include our commitment to investing in new digital technologies and growing our portfolio of clinical capabilities, including the related people and processes required, to enhance returns in all our businesses.

Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of our cash flow information for the six months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.



	Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017
Net cash provided by/(used in):
Operations	$	116,569		$	136,848
Investing activities	(13,149		)	(12,372		)
Financing activities	(17,631		)	(94,935		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1,186			(878		)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	86,975		$	28,663

Cash flows from operations were $116.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2018, compared to $136.8 million in the prior fiscal year. The increase in Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) was offset by a benefit from reduced income tax payments.

Our DSO at March 31, 2018 were 68 days; the balance at September 30, 2017 at 63 days. The balance at the beginning of the year was unusually low and included balances which we might have expected to receive during fiscal year 2018, tempering fiscal year 2018 cash flows. During the first half of fiscal year 2017, DSO remained steady and cash collections were more consistent with revenues. We use the performance indicator of DSO to evaluate our performance in collecting our receivable balances, both billed and unbilled. We have a target range for DSO of 65 to 80 days and we have typically stayed toward the lower end of this range in recent years.

The reduction in our tax rate through the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act resulted in a reduction in cash payments. We continue to anticipate a benefit from these lower rates of approximately $25 million in our cash flows from operations and free cash flow.

Cash used in investing activities for the six months ended March 31, 2018 was $13.1 million compared to $12.4 million in the same period last year. These cash flows largely represent our investments in fixed assets.

Cash flows from financing activities in the six months ended March 31, 2018 included a payment of $8.5 million related to our employees' income tax obligations from the vesting of restricted stock units and cash dividends to our shareholders of $5.9 million. Our comparative period in fiscal year 2017 included net debt repayments of $49.8 million and repurchases of our common stock of $28.9 million.

To supplement our statements of cash flows presented on a GAAP basis, we use the measure of free cash flow to analyze the funds generated from operations.



	Six Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017
Cash flows from operations	$	116,569		$	136,848
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs	(13,175		)	(12,975		)
Free cash flow	$	103,394		$	123,873

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and other long-lived assets, and amounts related to contingencies and income tax liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

During the six months ended March 31, 2018, the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act has required some additional estimates. With this exception, there were no significant changes to the critical accounting policies we disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017 which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

Non-GAAP measures

We utilize non‑GAAP measures where we believe it will assist the user of our financial statements in understanding our business. The presentation of these measures is meant to complement, but not replace, other financial measures in this document. The presentation of non-GAAP numbers is not meant to be considered in isolation, nor as an alternative to revenue growth, cash flows from operations or net income as measures of performance. These non-GAAP measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

In fiscal year 2017, 28% of our revenue was generated outside the U.S. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of our foreign operations using a methodology which excludes the effect of year-over-year exchange rate fluctuations. To calculate year-over-year currency movement, we determine the current year’s results for all foreign businesses using the exchange rates in the prior year. We refer to this adjusted revenue on a "constant currency basis."

In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions. We believe users of our financial statements wish to evaluate the performance of our operations, excluding changes that have arisen due to businesses acquired. We provide organic revenue growth as a useful basis for assessing this. To calculate organic revenue growth, we compare current year revenue excluding revenue from these acquisitions to our prior year revenue.

In order to sustain our cash flows from operations, we require regular refreshing of our fixed assets and technology. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations using a methodology which combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. We provide free cash flow to complement our statement of cash flows. Free cash flow shows the effects of the Company’s operations and routine capital expenditures and excludes the cash flow effects of acquisitions, share repurchases, dividend payments and other financing transactions. We have provided a reconciliation of free cash flow to cash provided by operations.

To sustain our operations, our principal source of financing comes from receiving payments from our customers. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to evaluate our efficiency in converting revenue into cash receipts. Accordingly, we provide DSO, which we calculate by dividing billed and unbilled receivable balances at the end of each quarter by revenue per day for the period. Revenue per day for a quarter is determined by dividing total revenue by 91 days.

As noted above, we have access to a $400 million credit facility. Our credit agreement includes the defined term Consolidated EBITDA and our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA conforms to the credit agreement definition. We believe our investors appreciate the opportunity to understand the possible restrictions which arise from our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA is also a useful measure of performance which focuses on the cash generating capacity of the business as it excludes the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization, and makes for easier comparisons between the operating performance of companies with different capital structures by excluding

interest expense and therefore the impacts of financing costs. The measure of Adjusted EBITA is a step in calculating Adjusted EBITDA and facilitates comparisons to similar businesses as it isolates the amortization effect of business combinations. We have provided a reconciliation from net income to Adjusted EBITA and Adjusted EBITDA as follows:



	Six Months Ended March 31,					Trailing Twelve Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2018			2017		2018			2017
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	114,583		$	99,179	$	224,830		$	202,147
Interest (income)/expense, net	(900		)	1,243		(1,764		)	2,948
Provision of income taxes	37,300			53,772		85,581			114,039
Amortization of intangible assets	5,321			6,788		10,741			13,754
Stock compensation expense	11,324			10,234		22,455			19,834
Acquisition-related expenses	—			—		83			257
Gain on sale of a business	—			—		(650		)	(6,880		)
Adjusted EBITA	167,628			171,216		341,276			346,099
Depreciation and amortization of property, plant, equipment and capitalized software	27,074			29,967		52,876			62,512
Adjusted EBITDA	$	194,702		$	201,183	$	394,152		$	408,611

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Our exposure to market risks generally relates to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

At March 31, 2018 and September 30, 2017, we held net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar of $163.4 million and $186.8 million, respectively. Of these balances, cash and cash equivalents comprised $84.6 million and $63.7 million, respectively. Accordingly, in the event of a 10% unfavorable exchange rate movement across these currencies, we would have reported the following incremental effects on our comprehensive income and our cash flow statement (in thousands).



	March 31, 2018			September 30, 2017
Comprehensive income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	(16,340	)	$	(18,680	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	8,456			6,367

Where possible, we identify surplus funds in foreign locations and place them into entities with the United States Dollar as their functional currency. This mitigates our exposure to foreign currencies. We mitigate our foreign currency exchange risks within our operating divisions through incurring costs and cash outflows in the same currency as our revenue.

We are exposed to interest rate risk through our credit facility when we utilize it. At March 31, 2018, we had no borrowings and therefore, no exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Our interest income will be driven by our use and deployment of funds as well as interest rates in the locations where we hold funds.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are subject to audits, investigations and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of the United States Federal Government, state, local and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension or disbarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by state, local and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Securities Class Action Lawsuit

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In connection with information set forth in this Form 10-Q, the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for fiscal year ended September 30, 2017 should be considered. The risks included in the Form 10-K could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. There have been no material changes to the factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017 which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

Item 6. Exhibits.



			Incorporated by reference herein
Exhibit No.		Description	Form	Date

10.1	*	Executive Employment, Non-Compete and Confidentiality Agreement between Bruce L. Caswell and MAXIMUS, Inc.	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-12997)	January 16, 2018

10.2	*	Amended and Restated Employment, Non-Compete and Confidentiality Agreement between Richard A. Montoni and MAXIMUS, Inc.	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-12997)	January 16, 2018

31.1	s	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	s	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1	v	Section 906 Principal Executive Officer Certification.

32.2	v	Section 906 Principal Financial Officer Certification.

101		The following materials from the MAXIMUS, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed electronically herewith.

_____________________________________________________


*	Denotes management contract or compensation plan.


s	Filed herewith.


v	Furnished herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	MAXIMUS, INC.

Date: May 10, 2018	By:	/s/ Richard J. Nadeau
		Richard J. Nadeau
		Chief Financial Officer
		(On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)