Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2017

Commission File Number: 1-12997

MAXIMUS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Virginia		54-1000588
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1891 Metro Center Drive Reston, Virginia		20190
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(703) 251-8500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer ý		Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer o		Smaller reporting company o
(Do not check if smaller reporting company)
		Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý

As of February 5, 2018 there were 65,223,348 shares of the registrant’s common stock (no par value) outstanding.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended December 31, 2017

INDEX



PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements	1

	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (unaudited)	1

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (unaudited)	2

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 (unaudited) and September 30, 2017	3

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (unaudited)	4

	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 (unaudited)	5

	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	12

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	23

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	23

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	24

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	24

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	24

Item 6.	Exhibits	25

Signatures		26

Throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “MAXIMUS” refer to MAXIMUS, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about us, the industry in which we operate and other matters, as well as management’s beliefs and assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. Words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “may,” “opportunity,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “should,” “will” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements and convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes. These statements are not guarantees and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including without limitation:


•	a failure to meet performance requirements in our contracts, which might lead to contract termination and actual or liquidated damages;


•	the effects of future legislative or government budgetary and spending changes;


•	our failure to successfully bid for and accurately price contracts to generate our desired profit;


•	our ability to maintain technology systems and otherwise protect confidential or protected information;


•	our ability to attract and retain executive officers, senior managers and other qualified personnel to execute our business;


•	our ability to manage capital investments and startup costs incurred before receiving related contract payments;


•	the ability of government customers to terminate contracts on short notice, with or without cause;


•	our ability to maintain relationships with key government entities from whom a substantial portion of our revenue is derived;


•	the outcome of reviews or audits, which might result in financial penalties and impair our ability to respond to invitations for new work;


•	a failure to comply with laws governing our business, which might result in the Company being subject to fines, penalties, suspension, debarment and other sanctions;


•	the costs and outcome of litigation;


•	difficulties in integrating or achieving projected revenues and earnings for acquired businesses;


•	matters related to business we have disposed of or divested; and


•	other factors set forth in Exhibit 99.1, under the caption "Special Considerations and Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

As a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. Additionally, we caution investors not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements as these statements speak only as of the date when made. Except as otherwise required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether resulting from new information, future events or otherwise.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2017		2016
Revenue	$	623,148	$	607,564
Cost of revenue	471,188		462,746
Gross profit	151,960		144,818
Selling, general and administrative expenses	69,559		65,398
Amortization of intangible assets	2,718		3,402
Restructuring costs	—		2,242
Operating income	79,683		73,776
Interest expense	168		849
Other income, net	287		263
Income before income taxes	79,802		73,190
Provision for income taxes	19,850		26,861
Net income	59,952		46,329
Income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	861		(335		)
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	59,091	$	46,664
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.90	$	0.71
Diluted earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.89	$	0.71
Dividends paid per share	$	0.045	$	0.045
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	65,866		65,770
Diluted	66,177		66,020

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2017		2016
Net income	$	59,952	$	46,329
Foreign currency translation adjustments	315		(9,694		)
Interest rate hedge, net of income taxes of $- and $8	—		12
Comprehensive income	60,267		36,647
Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	861		(335		)
Comprehensive income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	59,406	$	36,982

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands)



	December 31, 2017			September 30, 2017
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	196,905		$	166,252
Accounts receivable — billed and billable, net of reserves of $5,736 and $6,843	438,995			394,338
Accounts receivable — unbilled	30,944			36,475
Income taxes receivable	2,086			4,528
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	49,919			55,649
Total current assets	718,849			657,242
Property and equipment, net	95,931			101,651
Capitalized software, net	24,629			26,748
Goodwill	403,261			402,976
Intangible assets, net	96,138			98,769
Deferred contract costs, net	14,901			16,298
Deferred compensation plan assets	29,826			28,548
Deferred income taxes	7,679			7,691
Other assets	10,316			10,739
Total assets	$	1,401,530		$	1,350,662
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	133,408		$	122,083
Accrued compensation and benefits	67,304			105,667
Deferred revenue	63,185			71,722
Income taxes payable	2,794			4,703
Other liabilities	12,565			12,091
Total current liabilities	279,256			316,266
Deferred revenue, less current portion	24,264			28,182
Deferred income taxes	25,914			20,106
Long-term debt	12,050			527
Deferred compensation plan liabilities, less current portion	34,162			30,707
Other liabilities	18,232			9,106
Total liabilities	393,878			404,894
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, no par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 65,120 and 65,137 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, at stated amount, respectively	481,261			475,592
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(27,304		)	(27,619		)
Retained earnings	547,151			492,112
Total MAXIMUS shareholders’ equity	1,001,108			940,085
Noncontrolling interests	6,544			5,683
Total equity	1,007,652			945,768
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,401,530		$	1,350,662

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2017			2016
Cash flows from operations:
Net income	$	59,952		$	46,329
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows from operations:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and capitalized software	13,719			14,562
Amortization of intangible assets	2,718			3,402
Deferred income taxes	5,707			5,910
Stock compensation expense	5,402			4,889
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable — billed and billable	(44,381		)	14,687
Accounts receivable — unbilled	5,535			(1,998		)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	6,019			6,245
Deferred contract costs	1,413			44
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	11,387			(14,575		)
Accrued compensation and benefits	(29,588		)	(17,237		)
Deferred revenue	(12,405		)	(10,096		)
Income taxes	9,642			16,902
Other assets and liabilities	2,748			2,076
Cash flows from operations	37,868			71,140
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs	(6,514		)	(7,768		)
Proceeds from the sale of a business	—			385
Other	45			43
Cash used in investing activities	(6,469		)	(7,340		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid to MAXIMUS shareholders	(2,930		)	(2,920		)
Repurchases of common stock	(1,038		)	(28,767		)
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	(8,529		)	(9,255		)
Borrowings under credit facility	59,683			65,000
Repayment of credit facility and other long-term debt	(48,156		)	(80,067		)
Other	—			(1,145		)
Cash used in financing activities	(970		)	(57,154		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	224			(3,078		)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	30,653			3,568
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	166,252			66,199
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	196,905		$	69,767

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands)

(Unaudited)



	Common Shares Outstanding		Common Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)			Retained Earnings			Noncontrolling Interest		Total
Balance at September 30, 2017	65,137		$	475,592	$	(27,619	)	$	492,112		$	5,683	$	945,768
Net income	—		—		—			59,091			861		59,952
Foreign currency translation	—		—		315			—			—		315
Cash dividends	—		—		—			(2,930		)	—		(2,930		)
Dividends on RSUs	—		84		—			(84		)	—		—
Repurchases of common stock	(17	)	—		—			(1,038		)	—		(1,038		)
Stock compensation expense	—		5,402		—			—			—		5,402
Tax withholding related to RSU vesting	—		183		—			—			—		183
Balance at December 31, 2017	65,120		$	481,261	$	(27,304	)	$	547,151		$	6,544	$	1,007,652



	Common Shares Outstanding		Common Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Noncontrolling Interest			Total
Balance at September 30, 2016	65,223		$	461,679	$	(36,169	)	$	323,571		$	4,059		$	753,140
Net income	—		—		—			46,664			(335		)	46,329
Foreign currency translation	—		—		(9,694		)	—			—			(9,694		)
Interest rate hedge, net of income taxes	—		—		12			—			—			12
Cash dividends	—		—		—			(2,920		)	(617		)	(3,537		)
Dividends on RSUs	—		88		—			(88		)	—			—
Repurchases of common stock	(559	)	—		—			(28,767		)	—			(28,767		)
Stock compensation expense	—		4,889		—			—			—			4,889
Balance at December 31, 2016	64,664		$	466,656	$	(45,851	)	$	338,460		$	3,107		$	762,372

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

MAXIMUS, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. As permitted by these instructions, they do not include all of the information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full fiscal year. The balance sheet at September 30, 2017 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain financial results have been reclassified to conform with our current period presentation.

The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and amounts related to income taxes, certain accrued liabilities and contingencies and litigation. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated audited financial statements and the notes thereto at September 30, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years ended September 30, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

2. Segment Information

The table below provides certain financial information for each of our business segments.



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			% (1)		2016			% (1)
Revenue:
Health Services	$	352,090		100	%	$	340,729		100	%
U.S. Federal Services	132,983			100	%	141,298			100	%
Human Services	138,075			100	%	125,537			100	%
Total	$	623,148		100	%	$	607,564		100	%
Gross profit:
Health Services	$	91,056		25.9	%	$	78,234		23.0	%
U.S. Federal Services	33,358			25.1	%	37,576			26.6	%
Human Services	27,546			20.0	%	29,008			23.1	%
Total	$	151,960		24.4	%	$	144,818		23.8	%
Selling, general and administrative expense:
Health Services	$	33,416		9.5	%	$	28,107		8.2	%
U.S. Federal Services	16,648			12.5	%	19,695			13.9	%
Human Services	19,495			14.1	%	17,239			13.7	%
Other (2)	—			NM		357			NM
Total	$	69,559		11.2	%	$	65,398		10.8	%
Operating income:
Health Services	$	57,640		16.4	%	$	50,127		14.7	%
U.S. Federal Services	16,710			12.6	%	17,881			12.7	%
Human Services	8,051			5.8	%	11,769			9.4	%
Amortization of intangible assets	(2,718		)	NM		(3,402		)	NM
Restructuring costs (3)	—			NM		(2,242		)	NM
Other (2)	—			NM		(357		)	NM
Total	$	79,683		12.8	%	$	73,776		12.1	%

(1) Percentage of respective segment revenue. Percentages not considered meaningful are marked “NM.”


(2)	Other costs and credits relate to SG&A balances that do not relate directly to segment business activities. During the three months ended December 31, 2016 we incurred $0.4 million of legal costs pertaining to a matter which occurred in fiscal year 2009. This matter was settled in the third quarter of fiscal year 2017.


(3)	During fiscal year 2017, we incurred costs in restructuring our United Kingdom Human Services business. See "Note 5. Supplemental disclosures" for more information.

3. Earnings Per Share

The weighted average number of shares outstanding used to compute earnings per share was as follows:



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(shares in thousands)	2017	2016
Basic weighted average shares outstanding	65,866	65,770
Dilutive effect of employee stock options and unvested RSUs	311	250
Denominator for diluted earnings per share	66,177	66,020

All of our unvested restricted stock units (RSUs) are included in the calculations of dilution above.

4. Income Tax

Our results for the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 benefited from the estimated effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), which was signed on December 22, 2017 and is effective from January 1, 2018.

Our results for the three months ended December 31, 2017 have been affected by:


•	A one-time "toll tax" on our undistributed and previously untaxed earnings in foreign locations, of approximately $9.5 million;


•	A one-time benefit from the reduction of our deferred tax liabilities of $10.6 million to reflect the new U.S. federal tax rates; and


•	A reduced provision for income taxes, which has resulted in a reduction to our expense of approximately $6.4 million, compared to our tax provision under previous law.

We are required to recognize the expected effects of the Act as of December 31, 2017. The calculations of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the toll tax are complicated by two factors:


•	Our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal year 2017, which ended on September 30, 2017, is required to be filed on or before July 15, 2018, and certain estimates of differences between recorded amounts for financial reporting purposes and for tax reporting purposes will continue to be refined for the next several months; and

•

The “toll tax” requires the gathering of detailed information previously not required to be filed with our U.S. federal tax returns; both the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department will be providing interpretations and guidance over the next several months to assist tax payers in calculating the toll tax. In addition, many U.S. states continue to issue their interpretations of the Act, which may change our estimates of our charge.

Accordingly, the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act is provisional. We believe that we have a reasonable basis for our estimates.

Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended December 31, 2017 was 24.9%. The net effect of our toll charge and reduction of deferred tax liabilities reduced the effective income tax rate by approximately 1.4%.

During the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we made income tax payments of $4.0 million and $3.7 million, respectively.

5. Supplemental disclosures

Under a resolution adopted in August 2015, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase, at management's discretion, of up to an aggregate of $200 million of our common stock. The resolution also authorizes the use of option exercise proceeds for the repurchase of our common stock. During the three months ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased approximately 17,000 common shares at a cost of $1.0 million. During three months ended December 31, 2016, we acquired 0.6 million common shares at a cost of $28.8 million. At December 31, 2017, $108.8 million remained available for future stock repurchases.

Our deferred compensation plan assets include $16.2 million invested in mutual funds that have quoted prices in active markets. These assets are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in the Statement of Operations.

During the three months ended December 31, 2017, we granted 0.3 million RSUs to our employees. These awards will vest ratably over five years.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other amounts included within current assets and liabilities that meet the definition of a financial instrument are shown at values equivalent to fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Our accounts receivable balance includes both amounts invoiced and amounts that are ready to be invoiced and the funds are collectible within standard invoice terms.

During the three months ended December 31, 2016, we undertook a restructuring of our United Kingdom Human Services operations as part of the ongoing integration of Remploy. We recorded restructuring costs of $2.2 million, principally severance expenses.

As part of our work for the U.S. Federal Government and many states, we allocate costs to individual projects and segments using a methodology driven by the Federal Cost Accounting Standards. During fiscal year 2018, we updated our methodology for allocation of costs which resulted in certain costs which had been within Cost of Revenue now being classified as Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (SG&A). If we had utilized the same methodology in fiscal year 2018 as we had in fiscal year 2017, we estimate that SG&A would have been lower by approximately $1.2 million during the first fiscal quarter of 2018. This change in methodology did not affect our operating income.

Shareholder Lawsuit

In August 2017, the Company and certain officers were named as defendants in a putative class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Steamfitters Local 449 Pension Plan v. MAXIMUS. The plaintiff alleges the defendants made a variety of materially false and misleading statements, or failed to disclose material information, concerning the status of the Company’s Health Assessment Advisory Services project for the U.K. Department for Work and Pensions from the period October 20, 2014 through February 3, 2016, and seek damages to be proved at trial. The defendants deny the allegations and intend to defend the matter vigorously. At this time, it is not possible to reasonably predict whether this matter will be permitted to proceed as a class or to reasonably estimate the value of the claims asserted. No assurances can be given that we will be successful in our defense of this action on the merits or otherwise. For these reasons, we are unable to estimate the potential loss or range of loss in this matter.

6. Debt

Credit Facilities

Our credit agreement provides for a revolving line of credit up to $400 million that may be used for revolving loans, swingline loans (subject to a sublimit of $5 million), and to request letters of credit, subject to a sublimit of $50 million. The line of credit is available for general corporate purposes, including working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions. Borrowings are permitted in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. In September 2017, we extended the term of our credit agreement to September 2022, at which time all outstanding borrowings must be repaid. At December 31, 2017, we had U.S. Dollar borrowings of $10.0 million and Australian Dollar borrowings of $1.6 million under the credit agreement.

In addition to borrowings under the credit agreement, we have an outstanding loan of $0.6 million ($0.8 million Canadian Dollars) with the Atlantic Innovation Fund of Canada. The loan is non-interest bearing and is repayable over 18 remaining quarterly installments.

At December 31, 2017, we held three letters of credit under our credit agreement totaling $3.1 million. Each of these letters of credit may be called by vendors or customers in the event that we default under the terms of a contract, the probability of which we believe is remote. In addition, one letter of credit totaling $1.0 million, secured with restricted cash balances, is held with another financial institution to cover similar obligations to customers.

Our credit agreement requires us to comply with certain financial covenants and other covenants including a maximum total leverage ratio and a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. We were in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2017. Our obligations under the credit agreement are guaranteed by material

domestic subsidiaries of the Company, but are otherwise unsecured. In the event that our total leverage ratio, as defined in the credit agreement, exceeds 2.50:1, we would be obliged to provide security in the form of the assets of the parent company and certain of its subsidiaries. Our credit agreement contains no restrictions on the payment of dividends as long as our leverage ratio does not exceed 2.50:1. At December 31, 2017, our total leverage ratio was less than 1.0:1.0. We do not believe that the provisions of the credit agreement represent a significant restriction to the successful operation of the business or to our ability to pay dividends.

The Credit Agreement provides for an annual commitment fee payable on funds not borrowed or utilized for letters of credit. This charge is based upon our leverage and varies between 0.125% and 0.275%. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement bear interest at our choice at either (a) a Base Rate plus a margin that varies between 0.0% and 0.75% per year, (b) a Eurocurrency Rate plus an applicable margin that varies between 1.0% and 1.75% per year or (c) an Index Rate plus an applicable margin which varies between 1.0% and 1.75% per year. The Base Rate, Eurocurrency Rate and Index Rate are defined by the Credit Agreement.

Derivative Arrangement

In order to add stability to our interest expense and manage our exposure to interest rate movements, we may enter into derivative arrangements to fix payments on part of an outstanding loan balance. We agree to pay a fixed rate of interest to a financial institution and receive a balance equivalent to the floating rate payable. Our outstanding derivative instruments expired during fiscal year 2017. As this cash flow hedge was considered effective, the gains and losses in the fair value of this derivative instrument were reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.

Interest Payments

During the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we made interest payments of less than $0.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.

7. Recent accounting pronouncements

We are evaluating the effects of guidance issued in three significant areas of financial reporting.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In addition, the FASB has issued additional updates covering technical items and changing the date of adoption. This new standard will change the manner in which we evaluate revenue recognition for all contracts with customers, although the effect of the changes on revenue recognition will vary from contract to contract. We will adopt this standard during our 2019 fiscal year. The standard is required to be applied either retrospectively to each prior period presented (the full retrospective approach) or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the initial application recognized at the date of initial application (the modified retrospective approach). While we previously disclosed that we anticipated using the full retrospective approach, we have further evaluated both approaches and have concluded that we will adopt the standard using the modified retrospective approach.

We have established a cross-functional steering committee which includes representatives from across all our business and support segments. The steering committee is responsible for evaluating the impact of the standard on our operations including accounting, taxation, internal audit and financial systems. Our approach to analyzing these impacts includes reviewing our current accounting policies and practices to identify potential differences that will result from applying the requirements of the new standard to our existing contracts. We are in the process of evaluating the changes needed to our business processes, systems and controls in order to support revenue recognition and the related disclosures under the new standard. While we are still evaluating the changes that the new standard will have, we expect the standard will affect the timing of revenue recognition for certain of our variable fee contracts.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard will change the manner in which we will present our leasing arrangements. We will adopt this standard during our 2020 fiscal year. We are evaluating the likely effects on our business.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This standard will not change the manner in which we would identify a goodwill impairment but would change the manner of the calculation of any resulting impairment. Under existing guidance, we would calculate goodwill for each of our reporting units by calculating the fair value of all existing assets and liabilities within that reporting unit and comparing this to the fair value of the reporting unit; to the extent that this difference is less than our existing goodwill balance related to that reporting unit, we would record an impairment. The new standard will require us to

calculate goodwill based upon the difference between the fair value and reported value of a reporting unit. This standard would be effective for our 2021 fiscal year, although early adoption is permitted.

With the exception of the new accounting standards discussed above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements that have significance, or potential significance, to the Company's consolidated financial statements.

8. Subsequent events

On January 5, 2018, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.045 for each share of our common stock outstanding. The dividend is payable on February 28, 2018 to shareholders of record on February 15, 2018.

On January 16, 2018, we announced the appointment of a new Chief Executive Officer, with Bruce L. Caswell replacing Richard A. Montoni as of April 1, 2018. Both individuals entered into new employment, confidentiality and non-compete agreements; Mr. Caswell's contract is for three years, through April 1, 2021; Mr. Montoni's is for eighteen months, through September 30, 2019.

On January 16, 2018, we announced the retirement of a member of our Board of Directors, Mayor Wellington E. Webb. Mayor Webb had previously deferred his RSU awards and, as a result, we will record a tax benefit of approximately $1.7 million during the three month period ended March 31, 2018.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included both herein and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

Business Overview

We are a leading operator of government health and human services programs worldwide. We act as a partner to governments under our mission of Helping Government Serve the People^®. We use our experience, business process management expertise, innovation and technology solutions to help government agencies run effective, efficient and accountable programs.

Our company was founded in 1975 and grew both organically and through acquisitions. Beginning in 2006, we narrowed our service offerings to focus in the area of business process services (BPS) primarily in the health services and human services markets. In parallel, we divested or exited a number of non-core businesses that fell outside these two areas. Our subsequent growth was driven by the expansion of our health services business around the globe, new welfare-to-work contracts outside the United States and the growth of our business with the U.S. Federal Government. This growth has been both organic and through acquisitions.

Beginning in fiscal year 2017, we are experiencing what we believe is a slowdown due to an industry pause tied to the transition of a new presidential administration in the United States. Although the transition is occurring at the federal level, we are seeing the effects on our U.S.-based health business as many states depend upon federal funds to finance the services they provide. As a result, our short-term growth expectations were impacted by longer procurement cycles and increased delays, mostly due to policy and budget uncertainty. Further, agency staffing shortfalls tied to the slow presidential nomination process hindered the decision-making process at both the federal and the state level.

Longer-term, we believe the ongoing demand for our services driven by demographic, economic and legislative trends, coupled with our strong position within our industry, will continue to foster future growth. Our long-term growth thesis is based on the following factors:


•	Demographic trends, including increased longevity and more complex health needs, place an increased burden on government social benefit programs. At the same time, programs that address societal needs must be a good use of taxpayer dollars and achieve their intended outcomes. We believe the macro-economic trends of demographics and government needs will continue to drive demand for our services.

•

Our contract portfolio offers us excellent revenue visibility. Much of our revenue is derived from long-term contractual arrangements with governments. A contract will often have a base period followed by additional option periods. As a result, single contracts may last several years and client relationships may be decades long. At any time, we are typically able to identify more than 90% of our subsequent twelve months' anticipated revenue from our existing contracts.

•

We maintain a strong reputation within the government health and human services industry. Our deep client relationships and reputation for delivering outcomes and creating efficiencies creates a strong barrier to entry in a risk-averse environment. Entering our markets typically requires expertise in complex procurement processes, operation of multi-faceted government programs and an ability to serve and engage with diverse populations.


•	We have a portfolio target operating profit margin that ranges between 10% and 15% with high cash conversion, a healthy balance sheet and access to a $400 million credit facility. Our financial flexibility allows us to fund investments in the business, complete strategic mergers and acquisitions to further supplement our core capabilities and seek new adjacent platforms.


•	We have an active program to identify potential strategic acquisitions. Our past acquisitions have successfully enabled us to expand our business processes, knowledge and client relationships into adjacent markets and new geographies. Over the past three years, these include:


▪	In 2017, we acquired Revitalised Limited (Revitalised), a U.K. provider of digital solutions for engaging people in the areas of health, fitness and well-being.


▪	In 2016, we acquired Ascend Management Innovations, LLC (Ascend), a provider of independent, specialized health assessments and data management tools to government agencies in the U.S.


▪	In 2016, we acquired Assessments Australia, a provider of assessments that identify the support services required to help individuals succeed in a community environment.

Financial Overview

Our results for the three months ended December 31, 2017 were driven by a number of factors:


•	Organic revenue growth of 1.7% in our Health Segment, driven by our Health Assessment Advisory Service (HAAS) contract in the United Kingdom;


•	Organic revenue growth of 7.4% in our Human Services Segment, driven by our international welfare-to-work businesses, notably from increases in pass through revenue from a contract in Australia;


•	Declines in our U.S. Federal Services Segment, due to the wind down of a large subcontract;


•	The benefit of year-over-year increases in the value of foreign currencies in which we do business, most notably the British Pound; and


•	Significant income tax benefits from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

Results of Operations

Consolidated

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, selected statements of operations data:



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2017			2016
Revenue	$	623,148		$	607,564
Cost of revenue	471,188			462,746
Gross profit	151,960			144,818
Gross profit percentage	24.4		%	23.8		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	69,559			65,398
Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue	11.2		%	10.8		%
Amortization of intangible assets	2,718			3,402
Restructuring costs	—			2,242
Operating income	79,683			73,776
Operating margin	12.8		%	12.1		%
Interest expense	168			849
Other income, net	287			263
Income before income taxes	79,802			73,190
Provision for income taxes	19,850			26,861
Effective tax rate	24.9		%	36.7		%
Net income	59,952			46,329
Income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	861			(335		)
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	59,091		$	46,664
Basic earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.90		$	0.71
Diluted earnings per share attributable to MAXIMUS	$	0.89		$	0.71

As our business segments have different factors driving revenue growth and profitability, the sections that follow cover these segments in greater detail.

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2017 are summarized below.



	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	607,564			$	462,746			$	144,818
Organic growth	6,684		1.1	%	1,214		0.3	%	5,470			3.8	%
Net acquired growth	256		—	%	268		0.1	%	(12		)	—	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	8,644		1.4	%	6,960		1.5	%	1,684			1.2	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	623,148	2.6	%	$	471,188	1.8	%	$	151,960		4.9	%

Organic growth in our Health Services and Human Services Segments were partially offset by declines in our U.S. Federal Services Segment. This decline was largely caused by the wind down of a large subcontract during fiscal year 2017.

Our cost of revenue includes direct costs related to labor, subcontractor labor, outside vendors, rent and other direct costs. Although movements in cost typically correlate with revenue growth, we experienced operating efficiencies in our Health Services Segment, principally on our HAAS contract.

Our results in both the Health Services and Human Services Segments received the benefit of a year-over-year increase in the value of the foreign currencies in which we transact business, most notable from the rise in the value of the British Pound.

Selling, general and administrative expense (SG&A) consists of indirect costs related to general management, marketing and administration. It is primarily composed of labor costs. These costs may be incurred at a segment level, for dedicated resources that are not client-facing, or at a corporate level. Corporate costs are allocated to segments on a consistent, rational basis. Fluctuations in our SG&A are driven by changes in our administrative cost base, which is not directly driven by changes in our revenue. As part of our work for the United States Federal Government and many states, we allocate these costs using a methodology driven by the Federal Cost Accounting Standards. During fiscal year 2018, we updated our methodology for allocation of costs which resulted in certain costs which had been within Cost of Revenue now being classified as SG&A. If we had utilized the same methodology in fiscal year 2018 as we had in fiscal year 2017, we estimate that SG&A would have been lower by approximately $1.2 million during the first fiscal quarter of 2018. This change in methodology did not affect our operating income. Other increases in our SG&A costs relate to the enhancement of our IT capabilities and charges related to the rationalization of some of our administrative facilities.

Amortization charges declined between fiscal years 2017 and 2018. During fiscal year 2017, all intangible assets acquired as part of the Remploy acquisition in 2015 and the technology and trade mark assets which were acquired with our acquisition of Policy Studies, Inc. in 2012 were fully amortized. These assets had been amortized at a rate of approximately $3.1 million per year.

During fiscal year 2017, we undertook a restructuring of our United Kingdom Human Services operations as part of the ongoing integration of Remploy. We recorded restructuring costs of $2.2 million, principally severance expenses. This restructuring is expected to result in cost savings in future periods. Remploy is partially owned by its employees and, accordingly, some of this charge is offset through a reduction in income attributable to noncontrolling interests.

Overall, our operating income for the three months ended December 31, 2017 increased by 8.0%, compared to the comparative period, helped by improved operating performance, favorable currency fluctuations and the absence of restructuring costs.

Our interest expense is driven by borrowings from our credit facility. During the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, we were continuing to pay off the debt balance related to our acquisitions of Acentia and Ascend. Our expense during the first fiscal quarter of 2018 relates primarily to the cost of maintaining the facility as well as some borrowings to cover short-term working capital needs.

Our net income for the three months ended December 31, 2017 increased by 29%, compared to the comparative period. Our net income attributable to MAXIMUS increased by 27%. Our diluted earnings per share increased from $0.71 to $0.89. These results received a benefit from changes in our tax rates which are explained below.

Income taxes

Our results for the three months ended December 31, 2017 have been affected by:


•	A one-time "toll tax" on undistributed and previously untaxed earnings in foreign locations;


•	A one-time benefit from the reduction of our deferred tax liabilities; and


•	Reduced U.S. federal income tax rates.

The Act imposes a tax on undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries which were not previously remitted to, or taxed in, the United States. This has been referred to as the “toll tax.” The tax is a combination of two elements; a 15.5% charge for the earnings held in cash and an 8% charge on all other earnings. We can claim a

related foreign tax credit for the income taxes paid to a foreign authority. We have recorded a toll tax charge of approximately $9.5 million, which represents our best estimate of the cost at this time. This was an increase to our tax expense in the first quarter.

The Act also reduces the basic rate of U.S. federal income tax from 35% to 21%. We have deferred tax liabilities within the United States. We have recorded a reduction to income tax expense of $10.6 million in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 to reflect the favorable impact from the lower income tax rates.

The Act reduced our tax rate from 35% to 24.5% for fiscal year 2018 and to 21% for future fiscal years. There are other provisions which will offset this, including a limitation on the deductibility of officers' compensation and the disallowance of deductions for certain other business expenses. We estimate that our provision for income taxes for the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 was approximately $6.4 million lower as a result of lower income tax rates, offset by some other provisions in the Act but excluding the effect of the toll tax and deferred liability true-up noted above.

We have analyzed the other provisions of the Act, including the state income tax consequences, and we believe the impact will be immaterial to the Company.

We are required to recognize the effects of the Act as of December 31, 2017. Specifically we were required to remeasure the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 22, 2017 and calculate the expected impact of the one-time “toll tax” on the undistributed, non-previously taxed foreign earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as part of the transition to a new territorial tax regime provided for in the Act. The calculations of deferred tax assets and liabilities and the toll tax are complicated by two factors.


•	Our U.S. federal income tax return for fiscal year 2017, which ended on September 30, 2017, is required to be filed on or before July 15, 2018, and certain estimates of differences between recorded amounts for financial reporting purposes and for tax reporting purposes will continue to be refined for the next several months.

•

Accordingly, the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act is provisional. We believe that we have a reasonable basis for our estimates.

After considering the impact of U.S. tax reform our effective income tax rate for fiscal year 2018 is projected to be in the range of 26% to 28%. We anticipate the following ranges by quarter:


•	26%-27% during the second quarter of fiscal 2018;


•	28%-29% during the third quarter; and


•	26%-27% during the fourth quarter.

During our second and fourth fiscal quarters, we will receive the tax benefit from the vesting of restricted stock units (RSUs). The benefit is dependent upon the number of RSUs which vest as well as our share price on the vesting date.

We anticipate that our earnings in the full fiscal year 2018 will receive a benefit of approximately $0.35 of diluted earnings per share as a consequence of changes in tax legislation from this Act. Absent this legislation, we estimate that our diluted earnings per share for the first fiscal quarter of the year would have been $0.78.

The tax reform law in the U.S. improves our after tax cash flows in the U.S. as compared to the prior tax rates and structure and, accordingly, it is expected to improve returns from our U.S. businesses.

Health Services Segment

The Health Services Segment provides a variety of business process services, appeals and assessments as well as related consulting services, for state, provincial and national government programs. These services support a variety of government health benefit programs including Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the U.S., Health Insurance BC (British Columbia) in Canada, and the HAAS contract in the U.K.



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			2016
Revenue	$	352,090		$	340,729
Cost of revenue	261,034			262,495
Gross profit	91,056			78,234
Operating income	57,640			50,127
Gross profit percentage	25.9		%	23.0		%
Operating margin percentage	16.4		%	14.7		%

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2017 are summarized below.



	Revenue				Cost of Revenue					Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	340,729			$	262,495				$	78,234
Organic growth	5,710		1.7	%	(6,015		)	(2.3	)%	11,725			15.0	%
Acquired growth	256		0.1	%	268			0.1	%	(12		)	—	%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	5,395		1.6	%	4,286			1.6	%	1,109			1.4	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	352,090	3.3	%	$	261,034		(0.6	)%	$	91,056		16.4	%

Our revenue for the three month period ended December 31, 2017 increased by 3.3% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. Cost of revenue decreased by 0.6%. On a constant currency basis, our revenue and cost of revenue grew 1.8% and declined 2.2%, respectively.

This segment has a number of mature contracts, which helped drive strong operating margins in the first quarter of fiscal year 2018. In particular, our HAAS contract is a cost reimbursable contract with incentives and penalties based upon service level targets and operating efficiencies. During fiscal years 2017 and 2018, we have made steady improvements in our service delivery resulting in lower penalties and improved margins. As previously disclosed, this contract has been extended for an additional two years commencing March 1, 2018.

We have also received the benefit from the strengthening of foreign currencies, notably the British Pound, over the past twelve months, resulting in increased revenue and costs.

In prior periods, we have noted the effect of the United Kingdom Fit for Work contract, which has suffered losses resulting from activity levels significantly lower than those estimated at contract inception. In November 2017, this contract was amended. The majority of its operations will cease during the second quarter of this fiscal year. We will continue to provide a health advisory service. Although there will be some costs associated with the closure of the contract, the termination of this contract should provide some benefit to our profit margin in future quarters.

U.S. Federal Services Segment

The U.S. Federal Services Segment provides business process solutions, program management, as well as system development and software development for various U.S. civilian federal programs.



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			2016
Revenue	$	132,983		$	141,298
Cost of revenue	99,625			103,722
Gross profit	33,358			37,576
Operating income	16,710			17,881
Gross profit percentage	25.1		%	26.6		%
Operating margin percentage	12.6		%	12.7		%

Revenue for the three month period ended December 31, 2017 decreased by $8.3 million, or 5.9%, compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. The corresponding decline in cost of revenue was $4.1 million, or 3.9%. All revenue, cost and profit movement between periods is organic.

Our federal business has declined primarily due to the anticipated loss of a significant subcontract in fiscal year 2017 and other contract losses. At the end of fiscal year 2017, we had anticipated a benefit from disaster relief efforts; however, in late November 2017, we were informed that these support efforts would be reduced. Accordingly, we anticipate that our revenue will decline in the second fiscal quarter of 2018. Our full year revenue is expected to be lower than in fiscal year 2017.

The brief U.S. Federal Government shutdown last month had minimal impact to our federal operations. More than 90% of our staff assigned to federal contracts were deemed essential and reported to work as planned. If another shutdown occurs, we would expect a similar level of staff will be sidelined.

Human Services Segment

The Human Services Segment provides national, state and county human services agencies with a variety of business process services and related consulting services for welfare-to-work, child support, higher education institutions and other Human Services programs. Approximately 70% of our revenue in this segment was earned in foreign jurisdictions.



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			2016
Revenue	$	138,075		$	125,537
Cost of revenue	110,529			96,529
Gross profit	27,546			29,008
Operating income	8,051			11,769
Gross profit percentage	20.0		%	23.1		%
Operating margin percentage	5.8		%	9.4		%

Changes in revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for the three months ended December 31, 2017 are summarized below.



	Revenue				Cost of Revenue				Gross Profit
(dollars in thousands)	Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars		Percentage change		Dollars			Percentage change
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2017	$	125,537			$	96,529			$	29,008
Organic growth	9,288		7.4	%	11,326		11.7	%	(2,038		)	(7.0	)%
Currency effect compared to the prior period	3,250		2.6	%	2,674		2.8	%	576			2.0	%
Balance for respective period in fiscal year 2018	$	138,075	10.0	%	$	110,529	14.5	%	$	27,546		(5.0	)%

Revenue for the three month period ended December 31, 2017 increased 10% compared to the same period in fiscal year 2017. Cost of revenue increased by 15%.

The majority of the changes in organic revenue and costs stem from our welfare-to-work operations in Australia. Our new jobactive contract was in ramp-up in early fiscal year 2017 and, although it enjoys higher revenues than its predecessor contract, operates at a lower profit margin. The new contract also includes a large quantity of pass-through revenue for discretionary services for which we are reimbursed on a cost basis. This, coupled with start-up losses on new contracts, reduced the profit margin for this segment.

The strengthening of the Australian Dollar and the British Pound, compared to the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, also resulted in increases to our revenue and cost of revenue.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal source of liquidity remains our cash flows from operations. These cash flows are used to fund our ongoing operations and working capital needs as well as investments in capital infrastructure and our share repurchases. These operating cash flows are driven by our contracts and their payment terms. For many contracts, we are reimbursed for the costs of startup operations, although there may be a gap between incurring and receiving these funds. Other factors which may cause shortfalls in cash flows include contract terms where payments are tied to outcome deliveries, which may not correspond with the costs incurred to achieve these outcomes and short-term delays where government budgets are constrained.

To supplement our operating cash flows, we maintain and utilize our credit facility. We used this facility to fund our acquisitions of Acentia and Ascend, as well as short-term borrowings to cover some immediate working capital needs. At December 31, 2017, we had borrowings of $11.6 million under the credit facility. In September 2017, we extended the life of our credit facility to September 2022, which allows us to borrow up to $400 million, subject to standard covenants. We believe our cash flows from operations should be sufficient to meet our day-to-day requirements for the foreseeable future.

We hold significant cash balances in foreign locations. We mitigate our risk against foreign currency fluctuations by keeping much of these funds in accounts denominated in the United States Dollar. Prior to the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act), these funds could not be used within the United States without incurring an incremental tax charge and, accordingly, we had elected to keep these funds indefinitely reinvested in foreign locations. With the passage of the Act, we are evaluating our alternatives to remit these funds to the United States. It is our intention to move substantially all of our cash not required for local working capital needs to the U.S., provided we are able to do so in a tax efficient manner.

Our cash balances were held in the following locations and denominations (in thousands of U.S. Dollars):



	As of December 31, 2017
U.S. Dollar denominated funds held in the United States	$	61,888
U.S. Dollar denominated funds held in foreign locations	61,013
Funds held in foreign locations in local currencies	74,004
Cash and cash equivalents	$	196,905

Our priorities for cash utilization remain unchanged. We intend to:


•	Actively pursue new growth opportunities, including strategic acquisitions, business development and investments in technology and innovation to assist organic growth;


•	Maintain our quarterly dividend program; and


•	Make repurchases of our own shares where opportunities arise to do so.

Our growth opportunities include our commitment to investing in new digital technologies, including the related people and processes required, to enhance returns in all our businesses.

Cash Flows

The following table provides a summary of our cash flow information for the three months ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			2016
Net cash provided by/(used in):
Operations	$	37,868		$	71,140
Investing activities	(6,469		)	(7,340		)
Financing activities	(970		)	(57,154		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	224			(3,078		)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	30,653		$	3,568

Cash flows from operations were $37.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2017, compared to $71.1 million in the prior fiscal year. The principal cause of this decline was lower cash payments from customers, principally within the United States.

We use the performance indicator of Days Sales Outstanding, or DSO, to evaluate our performance in collecting our receivable balances, both billed and unbilled. We have a target range for DSO of 65 to 80 days and we have typically stayed towards the lower end of this range in recent years. At September 30, 2017, our DSO were 63 days, which represented an unusually low balance. At December 31, 2017 our DSO were 69 days. This balance is consistent with that at December 31, 2016 of 70 days. Our cash receipts during the first fiscal quarter of the year are typically slower than those in later quarters owing primarily to the number of national holidays. In fiscal year 2017, this did not significantly affect our cash flows as a number of payments from customers anticipated in September 2016 arrived in the following month and provided a benefit to our fiscal year 2017 cash flows. Conversely, our cash collections were stronger than anticipated in September 2017, resulting in lower cash receipts in our first fiscal quarter of 2018.

Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended December 31, 2017 was $6.5 million compared to $7.3 million in the comparative period. In fiscal year 2017, we received $0.4 million from the sale of our K-12 education business.

Cash flows from financing activities in the three months ended December 31, 2017 included net borrowings of $11.5 million of our debt, offset by a payment of $8.5 million related to our employees' income tax obligations from the vesting of restricted stock units, which occurs in September. Our comparative period in fiscal year 2017 included repurchases of our common stock of $28.8 million.

We anticipate that our cash flows from operations and free cash flow will receive a benefit of approximately $25 million in fiscal year 2018 as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

To supplement our statements of cash flows presented on a GAAP basis, we use the measure of free cash flow to analyze the funds generated from operations.



	Three Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			2016
Cash flows from operations	$	37,868		$	71,140
Purchases of property and equipment and capitalized software costs	(6,514		)	(7,768		)
Free cash flow	$	31,354		$	63,372

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent liabilities, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses. On an ongoing basis we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition and cost estimation on certain contracts, the realizability of goodwill and other long-lived assets, and amounts related to contingencies and income tax liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

During the three months ended December 31, 2017, there were no significant changes to the critical accounting policies we disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017 which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

Non-GAAP measures

We utilize non‑GAAP measures where we believe it will assist the user of our financial statements in understanding our business. The presentation of these measures is meant to complement, but not replace, other financial measures in this document. The presentation of non-GAAP numbers is not meant to be considered in isolation, nor as an alternative to revenue growth, cash flows from operations or net income as measures of performance. These non-GAAP measures, as determined and presented by us, may not be comparable to related or similarly titled measures presented by other companies.

In fiscal year 2017, 28% of our revenue was generated outside the U.S. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the performance of our foreign operations using a methodology which excludes the effect of year-over-year exchange rate fluctuations. To calculate year-over-year currency movement, we determine the current year’s results for all foreign businesses using the exchange rates in the prior year. We refer to this adjusted revenue on a "constant currency basis."

In recent years, we have made a number of acquisitions. We believe users of our financial statements wish to evaluate the performance of our operations, excluding changes that have arisen due to businesses acquired. We provide organic revenue growth as a useful basis for assessing this. To calculate organic revenue growth, we compare current year revenue excluding revenue from these acquisitions to our prior year revenue.

In order to sustain our cash flows from operations, we require regular refreshing of our fixed assets and technology. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to understand the cash flows that directly correspond with our operations and the investments we must make in those operations using a methodology which combines operating cash flows and capital expenditures. We provide free cash flow to complement our statement of cash flows. Free cash flow shows the effects of the Company’s operations and routine capital expenditures and excludes the cash flow effects of acquisitions, share repurchases, dividend payments and other financing transactions. We have provided a reconciliation of free cash flow to cash provided by operations.

To sustain our operations, our principal source of financing comes from receiving payments from our customers. We believe that users of our financial statements wish to evaluate our efficiency in converting revenue into cash receipts. Accordingly, we provide DSO, which we calculate by dividing billed and unbilled receivable balances at the end of each quarter by revenue per day for the period. Revenue per day for a quarter is determined by dividing total revenue by 91 days.

As noted above, we have access to a $400 million credit facility. Our credit agreement includes the defined term Consolidated EBITDA and our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA conforms to the credit agreement definition. We believe our investors appreciate the opportunity to understand the possible restrictions which arise from our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA is also a useful measure of performance which focuses on the cash generating capacity of the business as it excludes the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization, and makes for easier comparisons between the operating performance of companies with different capital structures by excluding interest expense and therefore the impacts of financing costs. The measure of Adjusted EBITA is a step in

calculating Adjusted EBITDA and facilitates comparisons to similar businesses as it isolates the amortization effect of business combinations. We have provided a reconciliation from net income to Adjusted EBITA and Adjusted EBITDA as follows:



	Three Months Ended December 31,					Trailing Twelve Months Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2017			2016		2017			2016
Net income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	59,091		$	46,664	$	221,853		$	198,417
Interest expense net of interest income	(258		)	746		(625		)	3,412
Provision of income taxes	19,850			26,861		95,042			116,623
Amortization of intangible assets	2,718			3,402		11,524			13,630
Stock compensation expense	5,402			4,889		21,878			19,308
Acquisition-related expenses	—			—		83			786
Gain on sale of a business	—			—		(650		)	(6,880		)
Adjusted EBITA	86,803			82,562		349,105			345,296
Depreciation and amortization of property, plant, equipment and capitalized software	13,719			14,562		54,926			60,019
Adjusted EBITDA	$	100,522		$	97,124	$	404,031		$	405,315

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Our exposure to market risks generally relates to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

At December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, we held net assets denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar of $156.3 million and $186.8 million, respectively. Of these balances, cash and cash equivalents comprised $74.0 million and $63.7 million, respectively. Accordingly, in the event of a 10% unfavorable exchange rate movement across these currencies, we would have reported the following incremental effects on our comprehensive income and our cash flow statement (in thousands).



	December 31, 2017			September 30, 2017
Comprehensive income attributable to MAXIMUS	$	(15,630	)	$	(18,680	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	7,400			6,367

Where possible, we identify surplus funds in foreign locations and place them into entities with the United States Dollar as their functional currency. This mitigates our exposure to foreign currencies. We mitigate our foreign currency exchange risks within our operating divisions through incurring costs and cash outflows in the same currency as our revenue.

We are exposed to interest rate risk through our credit facility when we utilize it. At December 31, 2017, we had borrowings of $11.6 million and, accordingly, limited exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Our interest income will be driven by our use and deployment of funds as well as interest rates in the locations where we hold funds.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal control that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are subject to audits, investigations and reviews relating to compliance with the laws and regulations that govern our role as a contractor to agencies and departments of the United States Federal Government, state, local and foreign governments, and otherwise in connection with performing services in countries outside of the U.S. Adverse findings could lead to criminal, civil or administrative proceedings, and we could be faced with penalties, fines, suspension or disbarment. Adverse findings could also have a material adverse effect on us because of our reliance on government contracts. We are subject to periodic audits by state, local and foreign governments for taxes. We are also involved in various claims, arbitrations and lawsuits arising in the normal conduct of our business. These include but are not limited to bid protests, employment matters, contractual disputes and charges before administrative agencies. Although we can give no assurance, based upon our evaluation and taking into account the advice of legal counsel, we do not believe that the outcome of any existing matter would likely have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Shareholder Lawsuit

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In connection with information set forth in this Form 10-Q, the factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for fiscal year ended September 30, 2017 should be considered. The risks included in the Form 10-K could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. There have been no material changes to the factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2017 which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2017.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(c) The following table sets forth information regarding repurchases of common stock that we made during the three months ended December 31, 2017:



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans(1)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan (in thousands)
October 1, 2017 - October 31, 2017	—			—	$	109,879
November 1, 2017 - November 30, 2017	16,400	$	63.24	16,400	108,842
December 1, 2017 - December 31, 2017	—			—	108,842
Total	16,400			16,400

______________________________________________


(1)	Under a resolution adopted in August 2015, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase, at management's discretion, of up to an aggregate of $200 million of our common stock. The resolution also authorized the use of option exercise proceeds for the repurchase of our common stock.

Item 6. Exhibits.



			Incorporated by reference herein
Exhibit No.		Description	Form	Date

10.1	*	Executive Employment, Non-Compete and Confidentiality Agreement between Bruce L. Caswell and MAXIMUS, Inc.	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-12997)	January 16, 2018

10.2	*	Amended and Restated Employment, Non-Compete and Confidentiality Agreement between Richard A. Montoni and MAXIMUS, Inc.	Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-12997)	January 16, 2018

31.1	s	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	s	Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1	v	Section 906 Principal Executive Officer Certification.

32.2	v	Section 906 Principal Financial Officer Certification.

101		The following materials from the MAXIMUS, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2017 formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed electronically herewith.

_____________________________________________________


*	Denotes management contract or compensation plan.


s	Filed herewith.


v	Furnished herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	MAXIMUS, INC.

Date: February 8, 2018	By:	/s/ Richard J. Nadeau
		Richard J. Nadeau
		Chief Financial Officer
		(On behalf of the registrant and as Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)